OF THE
LEHIGH VALLEY
RAILROAD
AND
ITS SEVERAL BRANCHES
AND CONNECTIONS;
WITH AN ACCOUNT, DESCRIPTIVE AND
HISTORICAL
OF THE
PLACES ALONG THEIR
ROUTE;
INCLUDING ALSO
A HISTORY OF THE COMPANY FROM ITS FIRST
ORGANIZATION AND INTERESTING FACTS CONCERNING THE ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF THE COAL
AND IRON TRADE IN THE LEHIGH AND WYOMING REGION.
HANDSOMELY ILLUSTRATED FROM RECENT
SKETCHES.
PREFIXED TO WHICH IS
A MAP OF THE ROAD AND ITS CONNECTIONS.
PHILADELPHIA:
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.
1873
Excerpt pp. 55 - 59
This
town takes its name from the creek which here empties into the river, and whose
signification is, parched land.
In 1839 there were but two houses, one at each extreme end of the town plot.
During that year, a company of gentlemen, mostly of Philadelphia, proposed the
erection here (because of the proximity of the iron and limestone beds) of an
iron furnace for the purpose of making iron with anthracite coal, which had
been successfully accomplished in Wales a few years before by Mr. George Crane.
The services of Mr. David Thomas, who was engaged there with Mr. Crane, were
secured, and in 184o the first furnace was completed under his direction and
superintendence. Since then, the town has steadily progressed, until now it
bids fair to become one of the most important in the Valley. It is lowed in the
midst of a rich iron-ore and limestone region, and possesses unusual railroad
and canal facilities, thus marking it out as a peculiarly favorable opening for
manufacturing establishments. It was incorporated as a borough in 1853, and
contains a population of 6ooo. The town is well supplied with gas and water,
and few places can boast of so perfect a drainage. It has twelve public
schools, contained in four buildings, and comprising about 700 pupils. Its
high-school will compare favorably with any in the State. It has a fine
town-hall, erected at a cost of $15,000. On the western bank of the river,
opposite the borough, there is a beautiful cemetery, called ÒFair-View,"
commanding a magnificent view of the town and surrounding country. In it there
has been erected a very handsome marble monument to the memory of the soldiers
who fell in the late civil war, costing $6000.
In
enumerating the industrial works coming properly under the head of Catasauqua,
we include not only those actually located in the borough, but all, whether on
one side of the river or the other, stretching from Allentown Furnace to this
station.
The
Crane Iron Company is a stock company, with a capital of $1,200,000, and has
six furnaces. The size and capacity of each are as follows:
No. 1, 11 feet boshes |
47 feet high |
140 tons per week |
No. 2, 11 feet boshes |
47 feet high |
150 tons per week |
No. 3, 11 feet boshes |
47 feet high |
175 tons per week |
No. 4, 11 feet boshes |
55 feet high |
250 tons per week |
No. 5, 11 feet boshes |
55 feet high |
250 tons per week |
No. 6, 11 feet boshes |
60 feet high |
250 tons per week |
The
hematite ore is obtained from Northampton, Lehigh, and Berks Counties, the
magnetic from Lehigh Mountain, Pa., and Sussex and Morris Counties, New Jersey,
and the limestone from the neighborhood. For the year 1872 this establishment
consumed 108,274 tons of coal, 138,392 tons of iron Ore,, and 82,401 tons of
limestone. Iron made during the year 54,037 tons. In connection with and for
the use of the furnaces, there are car-shops, foundry and machine-shops,
employing a large number of hands. Exclusive of miners, this company gives
employment to about 1000 men.
The
Catasauqua Manufacturing Company has a capital of $300,000. Its rolling-mill is
engaged in manufacturing bar-iron, sheet-iron, and railroad-axles. It has a
capacity of 13,000 tons per annum, and employs 350 men, using exclusively the
pig-iron made in the Lehigh Valley. This company has recently bought out the
Lehigh Manufacturing Company. In this branch of their works they employ 150
men, and make merchant bar-iron of various sizes. The ore for fettling the
puddling furnaces is obtained from Port Henry, Lake Champlain, N.Y.
The
amount of wages paid by the various manufacturing establishments in the borough
averages $32,000 per month.
In
the Catasauqua Car Works (Frederick & Co.) are made all kinds of cars,
except passenger cars (coal, ore, freight, flats, etc.). They employ 130 men,
and construct the whole of the car, except wheels and axles, having a foundry
of their own, where castings of different descriptions are made. For the body
of the cars, white oak exclusively is used, the lining being of white and
yellow pine. In the foundry, nineteen tons of pig-iron are used per week, and
twelve tons of forged iron. The capacity of the establishment is one hundred
and fifty coal cars per month.
The
Lehigh Car-Wheel and Axle Works employ 85 men, and consume from twenty to
twenty-five tons of charcoal pig-iron a day. The capacity is 25,000 car-wheels
per annum. Their iron comes mostly from Salisbury, Connecticut.
The
Lehigh Fire-Brick Factory, owned by David Thomas (burnt in 1872, rebuilt same
year), employs 40 men and boys, and has a capacity of 2000,000 bricks per
annum, which are used in the Valley. The clay comes from New Jersey, and the
sand from the neighborhood.
In
addition, there are other smaller foundries and machine-shops, in which all
manner of castings, steam engines, etc. are made; also, a shovel-factory, where
thirty-five different shovels, spades, and hoes are made; a factory of
circular, cross-cut, and other kinds of saws; a saw-mill, with which is
connected a planing mill, sash and door factory, etc. Very large limestone
quarries abound in this neighborhood, and are being extensively worked.
Of
churches, there are 2 Presbyterian, 2 Rornan Catholic (English and German), 1
Lutheran, 1 Methodist, 1 Evangelical, 1 Reformed. The Episcopalians, Free
Methodist, and Welsh Baptists each have a mission here. There are two weekly
papers published in the town. There is a national bank, with a capital of
$500,000.
The
Catasauqua and Fogelsville Railroad connects at Catasauqua with the Lehigh
Valley Railroad. This road was built in 1856, and opened in 1857; it is twenty
miles long, and has several branches. It cost $500,000, and was built by the
Lehigh Crane Iron Company and the Thomas Iron Company, for the purpose of
reaching the great iron-ore beds owned by these companies, the ore being now
brought from the mines direct to the mouth of the furnaces. About four miles
from Catasauqua, this road crosses the Jordan Creek on a splendid iron bridge,
said to be one of the largest and handsomest in the country. It is 1100 feet in
length, with 11 arches. Each truss is 16 feet nigh. The cost of the bridge was
about $78,000
Near
the junction of the Catasauqua. Creek and the Lehigh River, just above
Catasauqua, stands an old and crumbling stone house, which is rendered of
interesting importance by having once been the residence of George Taylor, one
of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The walls of the building
are nearly two hundred years old, and when laid were very thick and strong. The
house was frequently used as a place of refuge and defense against attack of
Indians.
Return
to the Catasauqua Profiles Index
Excerpt pp. 127 - 129
This
town (pleasantly situated on elevated ground, 16oo feet above tide-water) was
first settled about 1833, although at that time the original house, built in
1804, was still standing, It derives its name from, Beaver Creek (running near
by), upon which a dam is said to have existed, built by the beavers.
In
1806, the Susquehanna and Lehigh Turnpike, running from the Nesquehoning Creek
and above to the Susquehanna, was completed and opened to the public.
Coal
was taken away from Beaver Meadow as early as 1812, being conveyed to Berwick
and Bloomsburg, where it was used in blacksmithing. Subsequently to 1826, it
was also hauled to the Landing Tavern (just above Mauch Chunk), and sent thence
by arks to Philadelphia, and sold at eight dollars per ton.
The
Beaver Meadow Railroad and Mining Company was incorporated in 1830, and built
the first road from its mines to Parryville (where the coal was tran-shipped to
the canal-boats) about forty years ago, the first extensive opening of the mine
being in 1831. The first President of the company was Mr. Samuel D. Ingham,
Secretary of the Treasury under General Jackson. The trains in those primitive
days consisted of fifteen cars of small tonnage, and were drawn southward by
small engines, carrying on the down trip several mules to aid in the return.
The business of the road gradually increased from year to year, until from
being the means of transporting a small quantity of coal for the company's own
mines at this point, in 1837, amounting to 33,617 tons, it became the outlet
for numerous operations in the neighborhood, carrying nearly 750,000 tons of
coal in 1859.
Since
the removal to Weatherly of the machine- and car- repair-shops, formerly
located here, the business of the place is almost exclusively that connected
with the mining of coal in the neighborhood. At these shops there were built,
under the superintendence of Hopkin Thomas and Aaron H. Van Cleve, some of the
first four-wheeled and six-wheeled locomotives ever constructed in the State.
It may be interesting to note in this connection that Mr. Thomas was the first
to introduce the burning of anthracite coal in locomotives. There are churches
belonging to the Presbyterians and Methodists. The population is 6oo.
Return
to the Beaver Meadow RR Page
IRON.
Excerpt pp. 152 - 170
IT
is not positively known when or where iron was first made in the United States,
but the attention of the first settlers of the British Colonies was very early
directed (no doubt by the previous knowledge of the Indians) to the iron ore
with which the country abounds, and in various sections furnaces wert soon
erected for its conversion into metal. Perhaps the first production from native
ore in Pennsylvania was at the Coventry Forge, in Chester County, in 1720.
It
was not until after the discovery of the use of anthracite coal in furnaces,
that the foundations of the immense establishments were laid which have given
to this trade its present importance. Prior to this time the ore was converted
into metal by the use of bituminous coal, charcoal, and coke. This process was
far less economical than was desirable, and therefore when the value of
anthracite for ordinary purposes of fuel was fairly tested, its adaptation to
smelting uses was tried, and, after a series of reverses and a period of
general incredulity, gladly hailed as a great saving in both metal and fuel.
This success added largely not only to the prosperity of the iron trade, but of
the coal trade also.
Up
to about 1833 the cold blast was exclusively employed in the furnaces. At that
time the Rev. Frederic W. Geisenhainer, of Schuylkill County, after various
experiments in the treatment of anthracite with the hot blast, obtained a
patent for the same, and in 1835 he made iron by this process in a small stack
near Pottsville.
The
Lehigh Valley has now become the largest producing region in the country,
having at the present time more than forty furnaces in operation, with an
annual capacity or over 400,000 tons. Quite a contrast to this is afforded in
the list of articles transported by the Lehigh Canal in 1836, when there were
carried of iron only 1197 tons, while of whisky there were 641 tons. The
quantity of pig-metal manufactured in the United States during 1872 is
estimated as follows:
Anthracite |
1,137,010 tons. |
Raw coal and coke |
742,500 " |
Charcoal |
498,500 " |
In
1810 it is computed that there were 30,000 tons produced.
The
product of the English furnaces during the year 1872 is estimated to have been 7,000,000
tons.
Touching
the question of who first used anthracite coal in the manufacture of iron, the
following documents are submitted. Reference has already been made to this
subject under the head of Mauch Chunk, where it is stated upon good authority
that an attempt in this direction prior to the dates below mentioned was made
at Mauch Chunk by members of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company.
The
first letter, originally published in the American Manufacturer, is as follows :
"CATASAUQUA, PA., Feb. 23d, 1872.
ÒB.
F. H. LYNN, Esq. -
"DEAR SIR,-The question of who was
the first person to use anthracite coal for smelting iron, is difficult to
answer; but I will give you a few facts, from which you can draw your own
conclusions.
"In the year 1825, while manager of
the Yniscedwyn Works, South Wales (where I was from 1817 to 1839), I built a
blast furnace of 9 feet bosh and 30 feet high to make experiments with
anthracite coal, which abounded in that neighborhood, while we brought coke 14
miles by canal to smelt ore with. This furnace was blown in with coke in 1826,
and the anthracite introduced first one-sixteenth part of the fuel and
gradually advanced to one-half, when we had to stop and blow out. It was a
failure.
ÒIn 1832, the same furnace was altered to
45 feet high and 11 feet bosh, and the same experiment tried, with the same
result.
"In 1836, hot-blast ovens were built
to this furnace, according to Mr. Neilson's patent for hot blast, of Glasgow,
Scotland, and on the 5th of February, 1837, anthracite iron was made, and quite
successfully, and in that I claim to have been the first person to obtain
successful results, - at least as far as I know or ever heard of.
ÒBy an agreement in writing, made with
the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company (which agreement I still have in my
possession), I came to this country in the spring of 1839, at which time I
found a small furnace at South Easton, worked by a Mr. Van Buren, who was
endeavoring to make iron with anthracite coal. It was run some ten days or two
weeks, when it chilled, and proved a failure, both financially and as a
furnace. There was another at Mauch Chunk, owned by three or four men, - a Mr.
Bauhm, a Mr. Gitto, and a Mr. Lathrop (the latter I think still being at
Trenton, N. J.). This furnace was chilled up in about one week after
blowing-in.
"At the same time there was another
building at Pottsville, by Mr. Lyman. I received a communication from this
gentleman by the hand of the President of the Lehigh Crane Iron Company, for
whom I was building the first furnace at this place. This letter urged me to
come to Pottsville. I visited him in August, 1839, and furnished him with plans
of in-wall, bosh., hearth, etc., and continued to visit him about once a month
until the furnace was completed, which was in January, 1840. Then I was so
engaged here that I could not remain with him long enough to put it in blast.
He accordingly obtained the services of Mr. B. Perry, who blew it in, as
founder. They made iron for some weeks,
- I am not able to say how many, but, the machinery not being strong,
they broke down, and I believe the furnace chilled up, though I will not be
positive on this point, as it might have been blown out.
ÒOn the 4th of July, 1840, 1 made the
first iron on this plan in our first furnace here, and kept it running month
after month and year after year. In 1841, I built the second, in 1846, the
third, in 1849, the fourth and fifth, and in 1860, the sixth, and there are now
in this valley 46 anthracite furnaces, producing over 400,000 tons of pig-iron
annually.
Ò1 am sorry I have to write this so long,
but could not well make it intelligible if shorter. When next I see you I will
take pleasure in telling you of scores of experiments made with anthracite
coal. I have been in the blast-furnace business sixty years the 12th of April
next, and forty-five to fifty of these years I have been experimenting with
anthracite. I care very little about the glory, - who was, or who is the
successful candidate, - as menÕs praises are like shadows.
"You may use this, as I fear no
contradiction. I have written nothing but plain facts, but not one-tenth of
what might be said did necessity call for it.
"I should be glad to hear from you.
ÒYours very truly,
"DAVID THOMAS.
ÒP. S.-Mr. Richards did not buy the Mauch
Chunk Furnace until 1842or 1843, and he used charcoal in it."
We
give below a letter from Mr. James Pott, of Harrisburg, to the editor of the Coal
and Iron Record:
"In No. 1 of vol. i. of your journal,
you give a sketch of David Thomas, in the course of which you say, ÔHe was the
first man to demonstrate the practicability of using anthracite in smelting
iron ores. . . . . And of all this magnificent industry, the furnace started by
Mr. Thomas, at Pottsville, less
than thirty years ago, has been the pioneer.'
"My object in addressing you is, not
to detract from the credit due Mr. Thomas for the perfection to which he has
carried this business, but to correct what I believe to be an error. My father,
John Pott, used anthracite coal to smelt iron ore in his furnace (Manheim Iron
Works), on the West Branch of the Schuylkill, as early as 1836-7: first in
connection with charcoal, then with wood cut short, like stovewood, and
finally, by making some change in the interior of the furnace, with anthracite
alone, - a hot blast having already been attached.
ÒThese experiments, running through
several years, demonstrated to his entire satisfaction the practicability of
using anthracite in reducing iron ore; but about 1838-39 the works stood idle
for a year or more, when, in the year 1840, he made preparation to enlarge the
furnace and to construct it on different principles, which its former size
would not admit of. In the early spring of 1841, and before the work was
completed, carne a terrible ice-freshet, which swept away everything, tearing
up the very foundations of forge and furnace; and this was the end of the
ÔManheim Iron Works.' A few years later my father sold the property, and in
1844 removed to Bedford (now Fulton) County, Pa., where, for several years, he
conducted the ÔHanover Iron Works.' The paralyzation of this industry,
following the adoption of the tariff of 1846, compelled him to abandon the
business in 1847, and thenceforth he devoted himself to agriculture and milling
until he died, in November, 1856.
ÒFrom early life, my father had been
engaged in the manufacture of iron, and so also was his father (John Pott),
who, in 1807, built ÔGreenwood Furnace' on the ÔIsland,' where Atkins' extensive
furnaces, at Pottsville, now are.
" Mr. Thomas is a public benefactor,
and deserves great credit for his energy and enterprise in carrying forward
this business to such perfection and success; but I feel that it is but just to
correct what I believe to be an error, and to claim for John Pott the credit of
having first successfully demonstrated the I practicability of using anthracite
in smelting iron ores, and for little ÔManheim Furnace' the distinction of
having been the pioneer in what has since grown into such wondrous proportions
under the skill and tact of Mr. Thomas.
Ò1 remember well hearing my father often
remark that he was the first to use and demonstrate the adaptability of
anthracite to blast-furnaces, and that others - the name of Mr. Thomas being
mentioned in his observations - had carried it forward to perfect success.
"At the time of the destruction of
the works, the supply of anthracite for the reconstructed furnace bad been
contracted for, and a large quantity had already been delivered on the furnace
Ôbank,' - a pile so large as to seem to my youthful eyes like a mountain of
coal.
"You will not blame me, sir, for
being a little sensitive on this subject. I have not at hand my father's books,
from which to obtain data, and am writing from memory, making the ÔHard-Cider'
campaign in 1840 and the great freshet in 1841 the points from which I
calculate. If I am in error, I am willing to be corrected."
The
following was published in the Mauch Chunk Democrat:
"TRENTON, N. J., March 26th, 1872.
ÒMR. EDITOR,- Some unknown person (a
friend, I suppose) has sent me an article of about half a column in length,
clipped from some newspaper, upon the margin of which I find written in pencil
the question: ÔHow about this?'
"The article begins thus: ÔFor some
time past there has been a discussion going on in regard to the credit of
making the first anthracite iron in the United States, - Mr. David Thomas, of
the Thomas Iron Works, Mr. John Richards, deceased, once of the old Mauch Chunk
Furnace, and Mr. Lyman, of Pottsville, each having their friends to advocate
their separate claims to the honor.'
ÒNext follows a letter from Mr. David
Thomas, relating his experience and knowledge of the matter in question, in the
course of which lie makes the following statement: ÔThere was another [furnace]
at Mauch Chunk, owned by three or four men, - a Mr. Bauhm, a Mr. Gitto, and a
Mr. Lathrop (the latter, I think, is still living at Trenton, N. J.). This
furnace was chilled up in about one. week after blowing in.'
ÒMr. ThomasÕs memory must certainly have
failed him, or he was misinformed in regard to the Mauch Chunk Furnace, as will
appear evident from the following extracts from
Ò ÕNotes on the Use of Anthracite in the Manufacture
of Iron; with some Remarks on its Evaporative Power. By Walter R. Johnson,
A.M., Boston, 1841.'
Ò ÔThe furnace at Mauch Chunk, which
stands at the head of the preceding table, is believed to have been the first
in this country at which any considerable success was attained in the smelting
of iron with anthracite.* Their ore produced was of various, but mostly
inferior, qualities, owing probably to deficiency of blast. The blowing
cylinders were of wood (single acting), and at the speed employed did not
furnish over 700 cubic feet of air per minute.
*Beaver Meadow (Pa.)
coal.
Ò ÔTheir apparatus for hot blast was at
first defective, and was afterwards placed at the tunnel-head, where it could
be seen as well regulated as though managed in separate ovens, with an
independent fire. Hence, even of the limited supply of air taken into the
bellows, a considerable portion must have been lost by leakage, and by escapes
at the open tuyeres there applied.'
Ò ÔBEAVER MEADOW, PA., November 9th,
1840,
Ò ÔSIR ,- Agreeably to a request of Col.
Henry High, of Reading, I send you the following hastily-written statement of
the experiments made by Baughman, Guiteau & Co., in the smelting of iron
ore with anthracite coal as a fuel.
" ÔDuring the fall and winter of the
year 1837, Messrs. Joseph Baughman, Julius Guiteau, and Henry High, of Reading,
made their first experiment in smelting iron ore with anthracite coal, in an
old furnace at Mauch Chunk, temporarily fitted up for the purpose.
" ÕThey used about 80 per cent. of
anthracite, and the result was such as to surprise those who witnessed it (for
it was considered an impossibility even by ironmasters), and to encourage the
persons engaged in it to go on. In order, therefore, to test the matter more
thoroughly, they built a furnace on a small scale near Mauch Chunk Weigh Lock,
which was completed during the month of July, 1838. Dimensions: Stack 21-1/2
feet high, 22 feet square at base, boshes 5-1/2 feet across, hearth 14 to 16
inches square, and 4 feet 9 inches from the dam-stone to the back. The blowing
apparatus consisted of two cylinders, each 6 feet diameter; a receiver, same
diameter, and about 2-1/2 feet deep; stroke 11 inches. Each piston making from
12 to 15 strokes per minute. An overshot water-wheel, diameter 14 feet, length
of buckets 3-1/2 feet ; number of buckets, 36; revolutions per minute, from 12
to 15.
Ò ÔThe blast was applied August 27th, and
the furnace kept in blast until September 10th, when they were obliged to stop
in consequence of the apparatus for heating the blast proving to be too
temporary. Several tons of iron were produced of Nos. 2 and 3 quality. I do not
recollect the proportion of anthracite coal used. Temperature of the blast did
not exceed 200o Fahrenheit.
" 'A new and good apparatus for
heating the blast was next procured (it was at this time I became a partner in
the firm of B. G. & Co.), consisting0f 200 feet in length of cast-iron
pipes 1-1/2 inches; it was placed in a brick chamber, at the tunnel-head, and
heated by a flame issuing thence. The blast was again applied about the last of
November, 1838, and the furnace worked remarkably well for five weeks,
exclusively with anthracite coal; we were obliged, however, for want of ore, to
blow out on the 12th of January, 1839. During this experiment, our doors were
open to the public, and we were watched very closely both day and night, for
men could hardly believe what they saw with their own eyes, so incredulous was
the public in regard to the matter at this time; some iron-masters expressed
themselves astonished that a furnace would work, whilst using unburnt,
unwashed, frozen ore, such as was put into our furnace.
" ÔThe amount of iron produced was
about 134 tons per day, when working best, of Nos. 1, 2, and 3 quality. The
average temperature of the blast was 400o Fahrenheit.
Ò ÔThe following season we enlarged the
hearth to 19 by 20 inches, and 5 feet 3 inches from the dam-stone to the back
of the hearth, and on July 26th the furnace was again put in blast, and
continued in blast until November 2nd, 1839, a few days after the dissolution
of our firm, when it was blown out in good order.
Ò ÔFor about three months we used no
other fuel than anthracite, and produced about 100 tons of iron of good Nos. 1,
2, and 3 quality. When working best, the furnace produced two tons a day.
Ò ÔTemperature of the blast 400o
to 6ooo Fahrenheit. The following ores were used by us, viz.: ÒPipe
ore," from Miller's mines, a few miles from Allentown; Òbrown
hematite," commonly called Òtop mine," or surface ore; Òrock ore" from Dickerson mine
in New Jersey; and ÒWilliams Township ore" in Northampton County. The
last-mentioned ore produced a very strong iron and most beautiful cinder.
Ò ÔThe above experiments were prosecuted
under the most discouraging circumstances, and if we gain anything by it, it
can only be the credit of acting the part of pioneers in a praiseworthy
undertaking.
ÒMost respectfully, sir, Your obedient
servant,
" Ô F. C. LOWTHROP.
Ò ÔProf.WALTER R. JOHNSON, Philadelphia.' Ò
Ò ÔCorrect
copy from the book:
"'JOHN WISE,
Ò ÔLibrarian Franklin Institute,
Ò Ô
Philadelphia, Pa.'
ÒAs an evidence of the reliability of the
work from which the above extracts were taken, I would remind your readers that
its author, in 1844, published, by order of Congress, a ÔReport on the
Different Varieties of Coal' in order to determine their evaporative powers.
ÒRespectfully yours,
Ò F. C. LOWTHROP.
Subsequently
the following appeared in the Bethlehem Times:
ÒThe following documents have been placed
in our hands for publication, and we hope that any persons who may have facts
or evidence of facts which will throw light on the subject will forward them to
us, that we may lay them before our readers. Some time since, we published the
following paragraph:
Ò ÔThe first successful use of anthracite
coal for the smelting of iron was in 1839, at the Pioneer Furnace, at
Pottsville, Pa. It had been tried on the Lehigh in 1826, but was unsuccessful.'
"To some extent to corroborate this
statement, which was called in question in private conversation by some
gentlemen, a friend banded us the following letter and petition to the
Legislature, with the request to publish them, as throwing light on the subject.
We are unable to give the presentation of the petition to the Legislature. Does
any one know when it was circulated or signed? There may have been debate in
the Assembly on the reference of the petition when presented, which might
contain interesting facts.
Ò ÔTo the Senate and House of
Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania: The petition of the subscribers
respectfully sheweth, That the State of Pennsylvania has been greatly benefited
by the results of the experiments lately so successfully made to manufacture
iron with anthracite coal. They conceive that these results are mainly to be
attributed to the exertion of William Lyman, of Schuylkill County, who, at his
own risk and expense, put into successful operation in this country the first anthracite
blast-furnace (on a practical scale), the origin, therefore, of all others
since built and now projecting; and they, therefore, pray your honorable bodies
that an act may be passed conferring on him such privileges as in your wisdom
may be deemed expedient; thereby encouraging useful enterprises in future, and
affording some compensation for the heavy outlays always necessarily incident
to the commencement of every such undertaking.'
Ò ÔPOTTSVILLE. OCT. 14th, 1840
Ò ÔThis is to certify to all whom it may
concern, that all contracts or bargains for ore which may be made by the
bearer, Mr. Lance, will be confirmed by Messrs. Marshall & Kellogg,
proprietors of the anthracite furnace at this place; and all ore purchased by
Mr. Lance will be paid for by city acceptance, as shall be agreed on between
the parties. - For Marshall & Kellogg. Wm.
LYMAN.' "
The
following article is from the Pottsville Miners' Journal:
"This subject has again been
broached in a letter which we published a few days ago from James Pott, in
which he stated that his father, John Pott, was the first to make anthracite
iron at his furnace in 1837-38, located in the West Branch Valley. This we know
is correct as far as it goes; but in the use of anthracite coal alone lie
failed in making it in a merchantable quantity, and ceased working until the
trial was made at the Pioneer Furnace on the Island in 1839. After the success
at the Pioneer Furnace, he did intend to remodel his furnace to use anthracite
coal exclusively; but a freshet came and swept away his works, and he moved to
Bedford - now Fulton-County. Mr. Geisenheitner made a small quantity of
anthracite iron at the Valley Furnace, and took out a patent, but afterwards
abandoned it. Small quantities were made on the Lehigh; and we believe that the
late Mr. Ridgway succeeded in making a small quantity at the old Pott Furnace
near the Island. But, as they were all charcoal furnaces, of course no quantity
could be made. Anthracite iron was also made in Wales. But these experiments
satisfied Burd Patterson, and other parties deeply interested in coal and iron
interests, that iron could be made with anthracite coal; and then he and other
parties commenced building the Pioneer Furnace on the Island after the model of
the furnace in Wales, which Mr. David Thomas had seen, and who superintended
the building of this furnace. They ran out of funds, and the late Nicholas
Biddle and others made up a fund of $5000 as a premium, which they offered to
any person who would make anthracite iron for commercial use, and run the
furnace for a period of six months. Mr. William Lyman then took the furnace,
and completed it after the model of the Wales furnace, which Mr. Thomas
furnished. When finished, the furnace was blown in by Mr. Benjamin Perry; and
it was a success, and the furnace was kept running for the period of six
months. The premium, after full investigation, was awarded to Mr. Lyman, at the
Mount Carbon House, in 1840, where a supper was given, and it was at this
supper that Nicholas Biddle gave the following toast:
Ò ÔOLD PENNSYLVANIA - her sons like her
soil - rough outside, but solid stuffed within; plenty of coal to warm her
friends, and plenty of iron to cool her enemies. '
"The iron trade at that time was so
much depressed under the compromise tariff of 1833, reducing the duties down to
20 per cent. in 1840, and the opposition to the use of anthracite iron by the
charcoal interests, that Mr. Lyman failed a short time after; then Mr.
Marshall, now of Shamokin, ran it afterwards, and he met with the same fate.
The furnace was afterwards run by other parties who had but little capital, and
they too failed, when it finally fell into the hands of the Atkins Brothers,
who took charge of it in 1857 or 1858, and they too became to some extent
involved, owing to the dull state of the iron trade under the free trade
system; and if it bad not been for the Rebellion occurring in 1861-62, which
put up the price of iron, they might have met the same fate; but they
succeeded, and added another furnace to the old Pioneer; then tore down and
remodeled the Pioneer, and are now erecting a third furnace on the Island on a
larger scale than the others. Of the three brothers, our citizen, Mr. Chas.
Atkins, is the only survivor. After the success at the Pioneer, other parties,
avoiding the defects of the old Pioneer, erected other furnaces on the Lehigh
and elsewhere, and anthracite iron was soon made in large quantities, and in
1871, out Of 1,914,000 tons of iron produced in the United States, 957,608
tons, a little more than one-half of the supply, was made with anthracite coal.
In 1861 the product was 409,229 tons, having more than doubled in ten years.
Ò ÔThese are the facts connected with the
first manufacture of anthracite iron for commerce in the United States; and Mr.
Lyman, who undertook the furnace, Mr. David Thomas, who superintended its
erection, Mr. Benjamin Perry, who blew it in successfully, and the gentlemen
who offered the premium of $5000 for its production in commercial quantities,
are really entitled to the credit of establishing this branch of business in
this country; while the other gentlemen, who had previously made small
quantities before it was made in England, are entitled to the credit of
demonstrating that it could be made with suitable fixtures; buit they all
failed in making it in quantities for use."
The
concluding letter was published in the Mauch Chunk Democrat.
ÒTRENTON, N. J., MAY 4th, 1872.
"MR. EDITOR:
"DEAR SIR, - In the Journal of March 30th last, you published for me
a communication containing some extracts from a work issued during the year
1841 by Prof. Walter R. Johnson, of Philadelphia, entitled ÔNotes on the Use of
Anthracite in the Manufacture of Iron with some Remarks on its Evaporative
Power.'
ÒMy object in sending you that article
was simply to defend my former partners and myself from the detractive remarks
made in a letter written by David Thomas, Esq., of Catasauqua, he having stated
that our furnace at Mauch Chunk chilled up in about one week after blowing-in, whereas it, in fact, was not allowed to
chill up at any time.
"Since my communication was written,
I have read two or three articles from different papers asserting that I was-
detracting, from the credit due Mr. Thomas.
"I have no wish to claim any glory
rightfully belonging to Mr. Thomas, or to others. I merely, in defending the
firm of B., G. & Co. from Mr. TÕs unjust remark, quoted authentic history
published more than thirty years ago, and which has never been contradicted.
"'Some of the parties who have been
writing in behalf of Mr. Thomas, but who evidently know little about the
smelting of iron ore, speak rather contemptuously of us because we operated
with a small furnace.
ÒIn a matter which at that time was
looked upon, even by iron-masters, with much uncertainty as to its ultimate
success, it would have been very unwise to go to the expense of building a
large furnace at a cost of many thousands of dollars, when it was known that if
the thing could be accomplished with a small furnace, it could be done much
more easily, and far more profitably, with a large one.
ÒWe did not enlarge our furnace, as one
writer has stated, but simply the hearth, and we blew it out because it was too
small to work at profit; and, not having funds with which to construct large
works, we returned the property on which the furnace was built to the L. C.
& N. Co., from whom it was leased, which was the last we bad to do with it.
"A few years afterward I was
introduced to a gentleman from Pottsville, who, upon being informed by our
friend that I had been connected with the Mauch Chunk furnace, asked if I
recollected a committee of the citizens of Pottsville visiting us one night. I
answered in the affirmative, and asked him what conclusion they arrived at. He
replied, ÕWe watched you all night long, and returned home with the full
conclusion that it was a perfect success.'
ÒWithin the past week or two I have seen
one or two articles from the pen of Mr. James Pott, of Harrisburg, who claims
for his father, Mr. John Pott, the credit of having been the first in this
country to smelt iron ore with anthracite. He dates his first success so far
back as 1836 and Ô37. A more unpresuming and candid letter than that of Mr.
Pott I have never read ; and if we are to look outside of published history for
the one who was first successful, I should say that without a doubt (so far as
I can learn) Mr. John Pott, of the Manheim furnace, was the man.
ÒVery respectfully yours,
ÒF. C. LOWTHROP.
We
add an article from the Mauch Chunk Coal Gazette of May 25th, 1872 :
"Mr. James Cornelison formerly a
blacksmith residing here, was in town on Monday last, and was Ôinterviewed'
concerning his knowledge of the first experiments in the manufacture of
anthracite iron. He was employed in the establishment of the Lehigh Coal and
Navigation Company, whose works were upon the site of the present foundry of J.
H. Salkeld & Co., and distinctly remembers the building about the year 1823
or 1824 of a stack some 15 or 20 feet high, for the purpose of smelting the
iron ore with anthracite coal. This experiment was, at the time, so far
successful, that Mr. Cornelison states several Ôpigs' were actually made with
cold-air blast. Messrs. Josiah White and Erskine Hazard were concerned in the
building of the stack, in whose operations much interest was taken. This
statement, coming from a gentleman in every way reliable, makes good the
assertion in Johnson's Notes on Anthracite Iron,' that the first known
experiment in this important direction was made in Mauch Chunk."
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