Excerpts
from
THE STORY OF COAL
AND IRON
IN ALABAMA
BY
ETHEL
ARMES
AUTHOR OF
"MIDSUMMER IN WHITTIER"S COUNTRY"
‑
BIRMINGHAM,
ALABAMA
PUBLISHED
UNDER AUSPICES OF
‑
THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
1910
Copynght, 1910
By Ethel Armes
_______
Entererd at
Stationers' Hall, London
All rights
reserved
THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.
My
notes: This extensive book (570 pp) is unusual in that its sources appear to be
based largely on private communications.
Annotation is sparse. There
appear to be inaccuracies which suggest that source
checking by the author was not pursued with vigor. Nonetheless, the book contains extensive
material on the evolution of the industry in which James Thomas had a hand
during the 1872 - 1879 time period.
I now own a copy.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
FOR
valuable criticism and suggestions in the preparation of this work the author
is indebted to Dr. Thomas M. Owen, director of the
Department of Archives and History of Alabama; to Dr. Sioussat,
professor of history of the University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee; to
Theo Pollok of Los Angeles, California; to Flora Warren Smith of Muscogee,
Oklahoma; to John E. Ware of Birmingham, Alabama; to Caroline Stiles LovelI of Birmingham, Alabama, and to Agnes E. Ryan of
Winthrop, Massachusetts. The author is also indebted to the members of the
committee appointed by the Chamber of Commerce and to the members of the
various county committees, as well as to the leading officers of the
representative coal and iron companies of the Birmingham District, and to the
press of Birmingham.
To the several hundred public‑spirited men and
women in all sections of the South who have contributed data for this work the
author is most grateful. Had there not been such wide public interest and
cooperation in the gathering of the material for this history, its making might
have taken a much longer time than it has, for the material has been obtained
almost wholly from private sources, through personal interview and
correspondence with the descendants of the pioneer iron‑ masters and with
the present‑day leaders of the coal and iron business. Old manuscripts,
pamphlets, letters, in the possession of private individuals; old bills,
inventories, old county papers, clippings from lost reports and papers, photographs,
genealogical records, scrapbooks (in particular those loaned by Miss Mary Noble
of Anniston, Alabama, and Mrs. H. F. DeBardeleben, Erskine Ramsay, James Bowron, and Llewellyn Johns of Birmingham) have been
generously contributed to this work. Many items of incidental interest bearing
on the subject‑matter have, however, been found in the works of the
Alabama historians.
For all
assistance in every way, for every pleasant courtesy given to the writer by the
people of Alabama during the making of this book, a deep appreciation is due.
IRON
MAKING IN WAR PERIOD 161
(The Birmingham area iron
industry is established during the Civil War. The beginnings
of Oxmoor. Daniel Pratt engages in the iron business and eventually
gains control of Oxmoor in 1872. The beginnings of Irondale.)
It is in the war period that the county of Jefferson,
to‑day the banner county of Alabama, site of the city of Birmingham, and
center of the coal and iron industry of the South, swings for the first time
into the circle of the iron making counties. Be cause it is the most important
county in this history, it will be presented in some detail. Three crude iron
making ventures were started early in the eighteen‑sixties, the Red
Mountain Iron Company Works (or the Oxmoor furnaces), owned at the present time
by the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company; the Mt. Pinson Iron Works,
and the Cahaba Iron Works in Shades Valley, near Irondale.
Notwithstanding the mineral riches stored so deep in
the hold of the Jones Valley region, none of the big realities of the place
were brought to light until this war period; and then they were but mere
forecast. With the exception of Baylis Grace's
experiment and the futile efforts of early smiths to reduce Red Mountain ores,
the mighty ridge of ore lay untouched, being considered " good to dye
breeches, not to make iron."
Now with Frank Glilmer's
prospective railroad assured, the opening up of the Red Mountain country was a
foregone conclusion. Moreover, included in the railroad business was the
construction of a blast furnace. Colonel Gilmer selected a site in Shades
Valley at the foot of Shades Mountain, closely bordering the railroad, and but
two or three miles from Graces Gap, the place later named Oxmoor. Finding government aid was necessary,
Colonel Gilmer and John T. Milner then went up to Richmond. They saw Secretary
of War Seddon and succeeded in giving a contract
drawn up with the Confederate Government
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THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
" to build a railroad to Red Mountain and to erect there
furnaces and rolling mills."l Thus the
initial iron making enterprise of Jefferson County was practically a war
measure. Colonel Gilmer and John T. Milner organized the Red Mountain Iron and
Coal Company on their return, and Frank Gilmer's brother, William B. Gilmer,
was elected president. The shareholders of both the railroad and this furnace
company comprised some twenty‑five planters and business men of Alabama
and Mississippi, among whom, besides members of the Gilmer and Noble families
of Montgomery, were B. S. Bibb, T. L. Mount, M. E. Pratt, and Daniel Pratt.
Daniel Pratt and Horace Ware, whose property was then
valued at a quarter of a million dollars, were the most successful
manufacturers of Alabama, at that period. Mr. Pratt had then been living in the
State nearly thirty years, and had built up the most extensive cotton gin plant
in the South, had founded the town of Prattville, and had made a fortune and a
reputation for solid worth, dignity, practical sense, foresight, and integrity.
Like Horace Ware, he was of New England. He was born July 26, 1799, on a small
farm in Temple, New Hampshire, and reared in the Puritan rigors. After a short
term at school, the boy was apprenticed, at sixteen, to a carpenter. At twenty
he set out for the South to make his own way, and landed in Savannah with
nothing beyond his trade, his chest of tools, and his New England conscience.
Training had bred in him the certain excellencies of order, system, thoroughness, and prompt,
square dealing. He worked from dawn till dark, following his trade in various
localities in Georgia until 1833. Shortly after his marriage to Esther Ticknor,
also of New England, he decided to start the manufacture of cotton gins in
Alabama. He purchased materials and two negroes and
set out with his wife and the wagon outfit for the piney woods of the newer
country. He camped in Elmore County, not many miles from old Ft. Jackson (old
Ft. Toulouse), and here he built a smithy and gin shop, and started his first
cotton gins.
After a venture or two in which he prospered, the New
England workman selected, in 1838, a permanent site for his mills and factories
down in the piney woods and marshes of Autauga County, " not so much for
its beauty," S. Mims says, " as for its pine timber."
1 Milner's Address to
Georgia Society.
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IRON
MAKING IN WAR PERIOD 163
Daniel Pratt's specific object was " to build a
village dignifying labor in the South, and to give the laboring class not only
an opportunity to make independent living, but to train up workmen who could
give dignity to labor, and add to results an asset of the whole State." He
soon transformed Autauga County. A Negro boy of his used to say, " Marse Dan'l, he ain't no ways
satisfied with de way de Lawd done made the earth.
But he always digging down the hills and filling up de hollows, dat's all I knows."
His town became the county seat. Pratt himself served
in both branches of the State legislature, and came to hold high rank in the
Masonic Order. He opposed secession, but when the State went with the tide, he
counseled wisdom and prudence and preparation for the worst; he urged the
building of arsenals and powder manufactures, the establishment of a navy, and
the construction of railroads.
From the time he started his gin business he bought
homemade iron, and was the first large patron of the pioneer iron makers.
Horace Ware always said Mr. Pratt was his best customer, " and always paid
his debts." Everything Pratt used was first‑class make. He let his
timber season, he sent to England for Sheffield steel, and he got the bulk of
his iron from the Shelby Iron Works. He talked and wrote about things of
commercial value to the State. He did not acquire majority control of the
Oxmoor property until 1872, but as a director of the South and North Railroad,
Mr. Pratt was, as previously noted, actively interested in the organization of
the Red Mountain Iron and Coal Company, which constructed the original plant.1
The
management of this company engaged the most expert furnaceman
then in Alabama, to build the furnaces and to act as superintendent. This was
Moses Stroup, whose career, as builder of Round Mountain and of Tannehill
furnaces, has already been alluded to, and who was, with his father, the
pioneer iron maker and furnace builder of Georgia and the Carolinas. The same
massive and robust construction used at Tannehill was employed at Oxmoor. The
stacks were indeed twin mates to the Tannehill group.
Shortly after Moses Stroup had started work, another
iron making enterprise, the Mt. Pinson Iron Works, was set on foot
' Data given by Colonel H.
F. DeBardeleben of Alabama, son‑in‑law of Daniel Pratt.
________________________
164
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
in Jefferson County, on a crude scale. A man named McGee, a
refugee from Tennessee, came into Alabama with several slaves who were all
trained smiths. Selecting a point on Turkey Creek, near Hanby's
mill, a short distance from the Mt. Pinson road, McGlee
put up his little water blast forge, smith, and foundry, in 1862. His notion,
like A.A.Huckabee's, down at Brierfield,
was not to feed the Confederate arsenal, but to take care of the farmers, who
were beginning to suffer for lack of tools. As a matter of fact, too, the field
now held out fair financial inducements. As it turned out, however, McGee had
to shoe so many horses for the Confederate army that there was little time left
for any tool making, and the Mt. Pinson Iron Works proved little more than a blacksmith
shop.
In the winter of 1863 the " Old Roman "
furnaces at Oxmoor went into blast, each making ten tons of charcoal iron per
day. At the same time Frank Glilmer opened the Helena
coal mines. Milner says: " He sent thousands of tons of coal all over the
South, and thousands of tons of Red Mountain pig iron were shot away in shot
and shell at Charleston and Mobile." The entire output of the furnaces,
" charcoal iron No. 1," was hauled to Selma by one little locomotive,
"Willis J. Milner," a little, broad gauge wood‑burner, named
for John T. Milner's father. The old South and North Railroad, boosted along by
the Confederate government, was a patchwork line, " every sort and kind of
rail from 60 pounds T to 30 pounds T and strap rail and stringer!" The old
railroad men of the State grin broadly to‑day, whenever they refer "
to the old original line of the Louisville and Nashville in Alabama." None the less it handled a vast amount of freight from 1863
to 1865.
Early in 1863 a nephew of old Daniel Hillman, Levin
S. Goodrich, visited Oxmoor with a letter addressed to " William B.
Gilmer, president of the Red Mountain Iron and Coal Company' or to iron‑
masters of the Confederate States, generally." Negotiations were then
pending between the company and the Confederate Government for the furnishing
of a quality of iron adapted for the making of Parrott rifles, shot and shell.
It was this Mr. Goodrich who eventually (1876) made Oxmoor famous as the first
coke furnace.
A few months after the Oxmoor furnaces went into
blast an iron‑master from Holly Springs, Mississippi, W. S. McElwain,
took up an option on eight hundred acres of land in Shades Valley.
________________________
IRON
MAKING IN WAR PERIOD 165
It was an
out‑of‑the‑way location, being a few miles northeast of
Oxmoor, and a quarter of a mile in the woods, off the stage road from Nashville
to Montgomery, which was known as the Montevallo Road, and seemed to be remote
from the possibility of Federal attack. In 1864, McElwain, backed by W. A.
Jones, put up a stone stack, using Shades Creek for water
power. He named the furnace and the few shacks Cahaba Iron Works, but
the folk in the neighborhood always called the place Irondale.
McElwain, like Daniel Pratt, Harrison Hale, Horace
Ware, and several other iron‑masters of this period, was a New England
man. He was born at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, in 1832, and was brought up to
the machinist trade. After a term of service in a gun factory in New York and
in a foundry and machine shop' at Sandusky, Ohio, the young man was urged to
come South, through his uncle, Walter I`. Goodman.
Goodman was in charge of the construction work of the Mississippi Central
Railroad, now a part of the Illinois Central system. At Holly Springs Mr.
McElwain induced W. A. P. Jones and Captain E. G. Barney, superintendent of the
Mississippi Central, to join him in the foundry business, though all that
McElwain had for capital was his New England ingenuity and his brains. Captain
Barney put into the concern an old locomotive boiler that he fished out of the
Tallahatchie River, and Mr. Jones furnished the lumber. McElwain fashioned a
cupola out of the shell of the old boiler and a shed out of the timber, and
began operations.
Goodman threw work his nephew's way and it was not
long before McElwain had a pattern shop, foundry, and blacksmith's shop. Within
eighteen months from the time they started, the business had attained such
proportions that they felt warranted in making a bid for building the iron
works of the Moresque building, in New Orleans. They received the contract over
competitors from Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and New Orleans. After
receiving this contract they made other contracts in Mississippi and New
Orleans. In the fall of 1860 J. H. Athey, formerly of
Eouisville, Kentucky, entered the firm, buying half
of W. A. P. Jones' interest. The firm's name, however, remained the same, the
parties being Jones, McElwain, Anthey, Barney, and
Merrill. The contract work occupied all the time of the foundry until the
spring of 1861, when the working force often reached two hundred men, with an
all night force in addition.
In 1861
when they were winding up their contracts they re-
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166
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
ceived proposals from the
Confederate Government to turn their foundry into an armory for making small
arms and cannons for the Confederate Government. They accepted the offer,
$60,000 in Confederate money, advanced by the government. At that time
everything wore a war‑like aspect, but nothing stopped the work on the
armory. Building material was ordered and an additional building, two hundred
feet long, fifty feet wide, and two stories high, was constructed as well as a
huge blacksmith shop with thirty forges, trip hammer, and rolls for the
manufacture of gun barrels. knowing that it would be
useless to attempt to get gun machinery from Europe, McElwain and Merrill built
their own machinery. They worked out all the patterns at home at night, and
sent them to different foundries in the State to have them turned into
machinery. The first gun for the Confederate service is said
to have been made by McElwain and Merrill at Holly Springs. It had a
rifled barrel, and during the war was struck with a ball, returned then to
McElwain, and bored for a shot gun.1
The first cannon of the Confederacy were also turned out here at Holly
Springs armory by McElwain and Merrill. They were made of brass,
and McElwain's widow relates how, in the making of
these first guns, she, too, used to lend a hand, pouring out the ladles of
metal into the mold. The cannon and some of the small arms manufactured here
were used at the battle of Shiloh in April, 1862. At
that time the armory, with a working force of four to six hundred men and boys,
was turning out twenty‑five stands of arms per day and some ordnances,
cannon balls, and shells. After the battle of Shiloh, the Confederate forces
fell back to Tupelo, Mississippi, leaving Holly Springs practically in the
Federal lines.
Prior to this time General Gorgas and the secretary
of war, hearing of the valuable machinery that Jones and McElwain Company had,
made several ineffective overtures to them to purchase it in order to
concentrate it all at Macon, Georgia, where they had a large ordnance works.
" After the battle of Shiloh," Merrill relates, " seeing that
the Confederate government would give us no transportation for the machinery
out of the Federal lines, we sent our agent to Richmond to know what the
government would give us for our machinery and stock. They
' This relic is to‑day the property of McElwain's daughter, Mrs. H. J. Miller of Highland Park,
Chattanooga, and is treasured as a family heirloom.
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IRON
MA1fING IN WAR PERIOD 167
agreed to give the actual cost of the machinery and stock
with any advance that might have occurred since we bought it." The sale
was eventually made at a sacrifice. Some of the machinery was moved to Macon,
Georgia, and every vestige of the Holly Springs works was
destroyed by the Federal soldiers in a night raid, just after the
evacuation of Corinth. McElwain, as related, then set up in Jefferson County,
Alabama. He built a house near what is now Gate City, and a tram track from his
red ore mine, the Helen Bess, opposite Woodlawn, over to his furnace, in Shades
Valley. The new plant turned out ten tons per day of charcoal pig iron, all of
which was shipped to Selma.
The Oxmoor plant, under Moses Stroup's practical
hand, kept up steadily its twenty tons per day. Mary Gordon Duffee
writes:
" The furnaces gave employment to a large amount
of skilled labor, and created quite a settlement of worthy people.... The
surrounding country then partook much of the characteristics of a wilderness
and was sparsely settled, since the mineral interests were up to that period
deemed worthless, the present effort at manufacture an experiment, and
agriculture the sole calling of the people of the valley. The unfinished
condition of the South and North Railroad rendered the proper construction of
these furnaces a herculean undertaking, and no individual or corporate company
would have dared such an effort without government aid. The picturesque beauty
of the location was even more striking then than now. The sides of the hills
were covered with luxuriant growth of native forest. The waters of the creek
wound in silence around the mountain's base. A street
climbed the sloping ascent, and the cottages of several families made the scene
almost homelike. Success soon crowned their efforts and the works began to
yield practical results while the storm of war beat so loud and fierce without.
Confidence in the ability of the army of Tennessee to keep the foe in front and
with no thought of the Desperate strategic movement in
its rear which was aimed at the heart of the South kept the work going from day
to day. The fertile farms of the valley, till then unshorn by war's invasion,
furnished an abundance of food."
During the period from 1863 to 1865, however, the
press of work on all the furnacemen and artisans
became a thing unutterable, and was as hard and relentless as service under
Forrest himself.
Although Moses Stroup was nearly seventy years of age‑by
this time, he toiled night and day. There was a singular reserve about this old
furnaceman and a deep kindliness of nature and
manner.
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168
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
He had an affection for his home and his children somewhat out of
common. Although he married late in life he had six children, three boys and
three girls, whose mother died when they were all quite young. His boys all
went off to the wars. The oldest boy, Alonzo Stroup, enlisted in a North
Carolina regiment; Henry, the second boy, joined a North Alabama regiment; and
little Andrew Moses, no more than sixteen years old, and the youngest of the
family, entered a boy company mustered in in Jefferson County. No sooner had
the Oxmoor furnaces gone into blast than Moses Stroup got word that Henry had
been killed on the firing line up in Virginia. Then, without warning, the body
of little Andrew was brought home to his father. The boy had fallen under the
camp rigors at Selma, just as his company was making ready for the front. They
buried the child in the old Elyton cemetery. No
sooner was his grave covered than Moses Stroup got the message that the oldest
boy had been shot to death just as Henry had been, somewhere in the marches
north.
During those hard pressed
years several of the blast furnaces in other counties flickered, and some went
out; but the Oxmoor furnaces kept up to the mark, steady and true, and everyone
knew it was because " Old Man Stroup was on the job." But a day came
when the work was wrested even from Moses Stroup. He saw the destruction of
Oxmoor and heard of that at Tannehill and in the other States. All of his handiwork thus was gone, out of sight and usefulness,
it seemed to him forever. Yet, they say, that when the
guns had ceased firing, old as he then was, he was ready to begin again, though
there was nothing for him to begin with. His daughters gathered to him, and
with them and their children he spent his closing years, dying near Montevallo,
in 1877.
(Giles Edwards, a
Welshman known to Hopkin Thomas enters the area. Hopkin is erroneously referred
to as the father of Samuel. Did
Giles contact Hopkin and James at some later date relative to opportunities in
Alabama?)
Just across in the neighboring county of Shelby, in
the spring of 1862, a Welsh iron‑master, Giles Edwards, was at work. To his
labors, projects, and discoveries are traced some of the richest mineral
holdings in Alabama, belonging now to the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad
Company, and to the Republic Iron and Steel Company. Three States bear witness
to his handiwork: Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Alabama.
Edwards was born on a small farm at Merthyr Tydvil,
in Glamorganshire, South Wales, September 26, 1824.1 In the neighborhood where he spent
his early boyhood there were many huge iron works.
Merthyr was then called the iron metropolis of Wales
and had the most extensive iron works in the world. Iron had been made
I Information
received from Mrs. Salinah Evans Edwards of
Birmingham, Alabama, widow of Giles Edwards; Mrs. J. W. McQueen, daughter of Gilee Edwarde; R. K. Edwards, son
of Giles Edwarde.
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THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
there as far back as 1660. Near the boy's home, under the
shadow of old medieval castles, were remains of old blast furnaces that were
built to smelt the Roman cinder. Ships laden with ore from South America and
Australia hailed into Cardiff, and the iron went forth to all
the world. The entire horizon was peopled with shadowy furnaces, the
great works of Dowlais, Cyfartha, Plymouth, and Penydarren.
Iron was in the boy's blood. He entered the shops at Dowlais and
received his technical training from the Croziers. He became an expert in
mechanical drawing before he was eighteen years old. His mother died about this
time and his father determined to go to America. Together with Giles, Jr., he
set sail and after more than a month's voyage, landed at Quebec, Canada.
From here they went direct to Pennsylvania, to
Carbondale, in picturesque Luzerne County. This was about 1842, ten years
before the town was incorporated, but being so near the head of the Lackawanna
River, it was in the very midst of the important coal mining district of
Pennsylvania. Young Giles Edwards started right off at his job, made the
drawings, and superintended the pattern making for the first mill at
Carbondale. This was then but a crude mining settlement in the heart of a
wilderness, but it was as beautiful as his native country, as the picturesque
"Vale of Glamorgan," and here it was the young Welsh boy met the girl
he married.
She was little Salinah
Evans, the daughter of a Welshman who had emigrated with his family from
Cardiff. Their home had been at Tredegar, Monmouthshire, the very county that
bound Glamorgan on the east. And they had come across seas in a vessel laden
with iron, had landed in New York, and come straight to Carbondale.
Selinah Evans was
not more than thirteen years old when Giles Edwards, who was nineteen, met her.
From the first he loved her and set to work to make a home.
Scranton became the depot and shipping point for the
product of the North Anthracite basin and the center of the trade in mining
supplies, outfits, and immense shipments. The Welsh congregated here and helped
things move along. Giles Edwards was one of many, but he had a strong hand in
the planning and building of the first shops and manufactories of iron and
mining machinery there. His good work drew the attention and interest
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IRON
MAKING IN WAR PERIOD 175
of Hopkin Thomas,
father of Samuel and John Thomas, who later became such great factors in the
iron industry of Pennsylvania and Alabama. So Giles Edwards left Scranton and
went to work for Mr. Thomas, down into Schuylkill County, which was then known
as " the southern coal field," and superintended the Thomas works at
Tamaqua on the Little Schuylkill River. When the work of building a foundry was
done there he went with Mr. Thomas to Catasauqua.
The Thomas family was the most prominent family of Catasauqua. David Thomas, the
" father of the American iron trade," was the chief man of the
village, and he had a library that was a treasure house for all the growing
young iron‑masters of that day. Giles Edwards worked by day,
superintending the blast furnaces and making plans, and he studied by night.
His health broke down and John Fritz took hold of him and made him quit. He had
made a trial for a space in New York, with the Novelty Works, but had returned
to Catasauqua and started at overworking again, so Fritz held him up, talked of
a milder climate for him and persuaded him to go to Chattanooga.
" I could not bear the idea of his going South at first," Mrs. Edwards said. " I thought he
would burn up! I thought we all would, but I finally agreed to it."
This was the way in which Giles Edwards and his
family came South, and began at Chattanooga, in June,
1859.
Tennessee was then in the front rank of the iron
producing States of the South. There were then over seventy‑five forges
and bloomeries, seventy‑one furnaces, and four rolling
mills, as enumerated by Leslie in '56. The Bluff furnace, to
which Giles Edwards was assigned to remodel, had been built five years before
by Robert Craven, James A. Whiteside, and James P. Boyce, for using
charcoal. James Henderson of New York, manager of the East Tennessee Iron
Company, had the plant in charge and had decided to make it a coke furnace. He
had the limestone stack torn down and a new iron cupola with stack eleven feet
wide at the boshes erected in its place, the work being planned and
superintended by Giles Edwards.
In his
" Iron in All Ages," Swank says:
" The new furnace was blown in in May, 1860, but
owing to a short supply of coke the blast lasted only long enough to permit the
production of about five hundred tons of pig iron. All the machinery and
appointments of the furnace worked satisfactorily.
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THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
The
furnace was started on a second blast on the sixth of November, the day of the
Presidential election, but political complications and the demoralized state of
the furnace workmen were obstacles too great to be overcome and the furnace
soon chilled from the last cause mentioned, and in December Mr. Henderson
abandoned the enterprise and returned to New York."
This was, however, the first coke furnace in
Tennessee. During the stay of the Edwards family in Chattanooga an event of
considerable romantic interest to the iron and steel men of the country
happened in their house. The incident concerned " Captain " William
R. Jones who afterwards became known as "the most important man in the
Carnegie scheme." Then he was just Bill Jones.
The Edwards family had known him in Catasauqua, where
he had first come as an apprentice to the Crane Iron Company when only a boy in
knee breeches; he had wrecked the
Catasauqua school house when he thought a "pal" of his had been
unjustly punished, and had led the gang of Welsh boys in feudal strife against
the Irish at the other end of the town. He was ever a fighter, but always square.
He had met Harriet Lloyd a short time before the
Edwards family moved South, and Harriet Lloyd was a
very pretty girl. Her relatives were alarmed when Bill Jones loomed up as a
suitor, and all the more because Harriet—in spite of her suitor's expletives
and this record for scraps—liked Bill Jones right well.
Mrs. Edwards was Mrs. Lloyd's best friend, and it was
to her that Harriet was sent " for a long visit," with the prayer,
" whatever happens don't let Harriet marry Bill
Jones! " and Mrs. Edwards gave her sacred promise.
Nobody thought of Bill Jones going to Chattanooga,
but there he went, and when he could not get a job in the iron works he set up
a saloon and a pool and billiard room, and then laid siege to Harriet Lloyd.
Giles Edwards' good wife was in dismay. Every day young Bill Jones came and
every day Mrs. Edwards said to him:
"
Promise me you will not marry Harriet."
Young Jones was rather soft‑hearted and he
could not refuse Giles Edwards' wife, so he promised every time, but never
failed to add:
"Not to‑day, Mrs. Edwards—I promise;
I will not marry Harriet to‑day ! "
A day came, however, when he avoided Mrs. Edwards,
and consequently, made no promise. He had chosen his wedding day, and Harriet
Lloyd became his wife.
But
to return to Giles Edwards. No sooner had the Bluff furnace
been put into working order than in March, 1862,
at the request of Judge Lapsley
of Selma, whom he kind met in New York, Mr. Edwards came into Alabama,
and reconstructed the
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IRON
MAKING IN WAR PERIOD 177
Shelby Iron Works. The work at Shelby was
continuous, the rolling mill originally built by Horace Ware being steadily and
successfully operated all through the war. It was in 1864 that the plates
for the armor of the ironclad ram, Tennessee,
were rolled by the Shelby rolling mill.
A
memorandum from John E. Ware reads as follows:
"March 18th, 1862, Horace Ware sold six‑sevenths
interest of his iron property at Shelby to John W. Lapsley,
James W. Lapsley, John R. Kenan,
Andrew T. Jones, John M. McClanahan, and Henry H. Ware for the sum of one
hundred and fifty thousand dollars. This property then consisted of one
charcoal blast furnace of eight tons daily capacity, one rolling mill of ten
tons daily capacity, a foundry, saw mill, and six
thousand acres of timber and mineral lands. These seven men incorporated the
Shelby Iron Company and erected another furnace, and operated the works until April, 1866, when the plant was destroyed by Wilson s
raiders.
One of the foundrymen then
employed at Shelby was Hamilton T. Beggs. He was born
in 1830, in Liverpool, England. Like George Peacock, he served a steady
apprenticeship as a boy, and came to the United States in his nineteenth year.
He worked as a journeyman several years, following his trade in several of the
States. Late in the eighteen‑fifties he set up his own foundry at
Chattanooga, Tennessee, and by 1861 was casting guns and bombshells for the
Confederacy. Horace Ware then sent for him. Beggs
worked at Shelby until the war's close, then at Columbiana, and in the year
1879 moved up to young Birmingham. Here he built the first foundry and machine
shop of that city.
IRON
MAKING AND THE FALL OF SELMA 191
(The furnaces, along with
all other industries,
are destroyed by the Northern forces.)
No more bitter cup in all the world's tales of the
blood and misery of war was ever drunk by a general than (Gen.
Nathan Bedford) Forrest drank that day at Selma. Out then sped his violent
command that every man and boy in Selma, old or young, soldier or no soldier,
be drowned in the Alabama if he would not fight. " Into the works or into
the river " stalked that fierce order, and at point of the bayonet
Forrest's lieutenants drove the panic‑stricken vagrants to the guns.
Blind terror quivered in every street, shivered on the doorstep of every house,—dread fear of Forrest himself.
Not a second was lost. By noon every straggler in the
town was rounded up. Forrest then counted but three thousand men in all, and
only one half of the number seasoned troops. The raw reserves he drove at the
center of the vast horseshoe curve, facing due north and direct to the front;
with his Kentuckians he took stand immediately at their rear, a very bull's eye
of that vast target range.
His strongest force and main reliance was commanded
by Armstrong, " the best troops in the army of the West," although
sadly
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192
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
depleted now, and Forrest stationed them on his left, on the
south- western or Valley Creek side of the defenses. On line with them, but
outside the works, some miles across country, were
Chalmers and his brave fellows couchant in the Cahaba hills. At any rate, one
more try! On cooperation between Chalmers and
Armstrong lay Forrest's last hope for the aggressive.
On his right, at the southeastern or Beach Creek side
of the works, were assigned General Roddey and his
command. All along the lines the men stood in readiness, but the wide gaps
between were pitiful. Never before did great guns seem so impotent!
During the hours marking the disposition of the
Confederate forces, the sound of the dark cavalcade steadily
advancing—coming as the Juggernaut—filled the air with foreboding.
Now it was reported that Upton's division was marching in the wake of Long's
division, down the Range Line Road. Now Long was
crossing at double quick by flank movement to the Summerfield road, down which
Wilson and his staff were riding. Already the bluecoats were hard by Kenan's
plantation. Now the Confederate picket was driven in, the enemy began to close
in on the defenses. At this crisis and by Forrest's continued urging,
Lieutenant‑General Taylor boarded a locomotive and moved out of the
danger zone. As the hour struck three, Long's division was in full force before
the works; every regiment dismounted and Long began
instantly to develop his line of battle, sharp at Forrest's left, and hard
against Armstrong, whereupon Armstrong and the militia opened fire. Upton's
division was marching in at the southeastern sweep of the works and beginning
to form under Roddey's fire. From the parapets there
could now be discerned columns of smoke rising from
the river road near Burnsville, thus announcing the destruction of the railroad
station, the bridges, and trestles, the cutting off communication with
Montgomery.
Meantime gun fire from
Armstrong's line kept up sharp and steady, but Long's men, under cover of the
slight ridge beyond the glacis crept silently and safely into battle formation,
while Wilson was taking swift reconnaissance of the works.
All at once, out of the Cahaba hills, leaped
Chalmers, sharpfanged on Long's rear. The enemy's
picket guard, posted on Valley Creek, was driven in; a stampede of the pack,
stock, and led animals threatened; attack in force was feigned and, for a
________________________
IRON
MAKING AND THE FALL OF SELMA 193
breathing space, demoralization of Long's ranks seemed
imminent. But the hope was thwarted. Without a second's hesitation, waiting for
no concerted action (if concerted action had been planned by Wilson), Long's
troops rose as one man. In very earshot came the Federal general's cry, "
Forward, men! " And out of cover, cool and quick, rose the sharp, blue
line at crest of the ridge; it advanced into the stubble field, full in the
face of a wild storm of gun fire—Armstrong's savage crossfire of musketry
and artillery. Another second and the blue line broke. The charging cavalry men floundered knee‑deep in the quagmire. Many
of them, both officers and men, fell riddled with bullets, their breasts torn
with shells. Long himself dropped, wounded. As he was
carried off the field his colonels sprang to lead the charge, while high above
his‑rear came the sudden hissing of artillery.
A battery—a reinforcement
unforeseen by Forrest—half concealed on the ridge, now replied to the
Selma guns and supported the Federal charge. Four hundred yards of the glacis
were gained. Close to the stockade the enemy formed again and in carbine range
at last, answered the Confederate musketry fire with their Spensers.
Then with a yell, they started on a run in a solid line for the works; they
scaled the stockade, uprooted the stout posts, leaped the ditch, and began to
climb the ramparts. The first man atop of them—a young corporal—reeled
back, shot through the head. In the thunder of the fire and the fog of smoke,
Armstrong's men held fast, clubbing the enemy back with their guns, hurling
saber stroke on stroke at them, in hand‑to‑hand fight now to the
death. A bursting shell from the unseen battery back of Long tore a breach in
the earth works near the Summerfield road behind which huddled the raw
reserves. The undisciplined men broke loose and turned in panic. Back Forrest
drove them in the very face of the battery fire and the oncoming troops,
rushing them to stem the breach, and ordering Roddey
to unite with Armstrong. But Upton was now hard upon Roddey,
and before the new alignment could be made, the enemy was swarming in the
breach, the militia was palsied, and Armstrong's men were being forced back
upon the second line where no guns were. Not twenty‑five minutes had
passed by since Long cried " Forward,"—but the entire outer
line, all the guns, and most of the militia were in the hands of the enemy!
Armstrong and Roddey
united now, taking solid stand upon
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194
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
the inner line. On pressed the enemy, leaping the guns. The
Fourth United States Cavalry formed for a charge of the new position. On they
came on the gallop, with drawn sabers—the whole regiment riding without a
quiver into a withering fire of musketry that broke their charge. But they
rallied at the very foot of the bastions and dismounted. Two other regiments
hurried to their assistance in the fast gathering dark, and all three,
supported by the scourging battery1 that cut
the breach for Long, now stormed the parapets, leaped down into the bastions,
and cut into the quick of Forrest's men, while out of the swamp uprose the rest of Upton's troop spitting fire. All
assailing the second line in full force, on front, overlapped Forrest on flank
and rear. And now came the stampede.
Night fell, black as a catafalque. Friend struck
friend and foe struck foe in the mad dark. Forrest, Armstrong, Roddey, and all their men that were left formed near the
saltpeter works for one last charge. They were surrounded again, and had to cut
their way out toward Beach Creek swamp and get away by the river road.
Over across Valley Creek, quick along the Cahaba
road, and under cover of the dark, a
long wagon train retreated, loaded with quartermaster's
and ordnance supplies—all that was saved for the Confederacy out of
Selma. As the teams under lead of Captain Huey of old Jonesboro were whipped up
and rumbled along in the darkness, the stubble fields and clumps of woods in
that vast level stretch of country began to glow with a savage light. Hour
after hour, mile after mile, the red glow sped like screaming shells after
them. At midnight they halted at the Cahaba ferry, and even then—ten
miles away—every bush and tree stood etched in sharp black lines against
the flaming sky that told the fall of Selma. The very links in the trace chains
and the buckles on the mules' harness glittered like wild eyes. Captain Huey
got his every team across the river in the dead of night under that weird
light.
The burning went on and on—and beyond that
burning city smoked the ruins of Oxmoor, Irondale, Tannehill, Brighthope, Brierfield, Shelby,
and all the rest—the coal and iron business of Alabama, quieted now, it
seemed forever.
1 Chicago Board of Trade
Battery.
CHAPTER
XIV
RESURRECTION OF THE IRON WORKS 1866‑1870
W. S. McElwain goes North for capital to restore Irondale. Several years later,
James Thomas negotiates with Boss McElwain for control of the Irondale furnace.
Irondale fails and Thomas, together with Colonel Sloss, rebuilds Oxmoor.
THE first
county to get upon its feet after the great cannonading was Jefferson; the
first furnace, that of the Cahaba iron works, or Irondale, in Shades Valley.
The plants at Shelby, Brierfield,
Round Mountain, and Oxmoor followed in successive order, and certain other iron
making enterprises were presently inaugurated in northeast Alabama by the Noble
brothers and several officers of the Federal army.
Every plant in Alabama had been silenced by Wilson's
hand, and the State's coal and iron business as well as her cotton business had
been burned to the roots. Fully two thirds of the shareholders in the mining
and furnace companies who survived were ruined in their personal circumstances.
Every interest in the social, economical, and industrial life had been
dependent upon an agriculture that now was paralyzed. The young men of Alabama
lay in their graves.
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THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
:Hundreds upon
hundreds of families, long established in the country, were now packing up and
leaving for the West. John T. Milner was one of those who lifted his hand to
stay the great exodus. " We must bring labor here that will be
effective," he declared, " or see our State given over to unthrift,
idleness, and weeds, as has been the case in every other country in the world
where slave labor once formed the basis of agricultural wealth, and was
afterward set free." He thereupon set forth the need for foreign
immigration, pleaded again for railroad enterprise, advocated trade with the
Gulf, and pointed out once more the prospective value of the mineral region. He
saw Alabama as she was, and did not hesitate to speak the truth. His patriotism
was not " My country, right or wrong," but rather, " My country,
may she pluck out the roots of her disorders and come to stand with clear
vision, clean‑ limbed and progressive." John T. Milner's was not the
vain apostrophe to Alabama prevalent among certain of his colleagues: "Mother of sages and heroes, no stain
dims your glittering escutcheon! Let your brow be lifted up with glad
consciousness of unbroken pride and unsullied honor." Rather he faced
the issues squarely. " Go to work," he cried to prostrate Alabama.
" Let us now devote our energies to eradicating the diseases that are
destroying us at home."
The wisdom of the argument that in diversified
industries alone is builded the material force, the
industrial hope, and the wealth of a State, was one of the lessons seared into
Alabama by war's flame. The pioneer mining men and railroad men had long been
saying this, but their prediction of 'commercial disaster, unless diversified
industries were established, had sounded, however, as the prophecy of a
Cassandra. The ordnance department of the Confederacy, as has been pointed out,
gave the first immense, practical demonstration of what could be done in the
mineral region.
Of the group of iron making enterprises just
mentioned as starting immediately following the war, the
account of those in Jefferson County will be followed by that of the Bibb
County concerns.
The moment Wilson's raiders quit Shades Valley, W. S.
McElwain, owner and operator of the Cahaba iron works, went north on a hunt for
capital to raise his furnaces. He succeeded in procuring funds from an Ohio
firm, Crane and Breed, of Cincinnati,
________________________
RESURRECTION
OF IRON WORKS 1866‑1870 197
and returned to Jefferson County, in November of the same year,
1865. He found the county officials in charge of his furnace ruins at Irondale,
trying to protect what was left. Mr. McElwain's
cousin, H. D. Merrill, and several other men formerly associated with the iron‑master,
now joined him. The company soon employed a force of five hundred men, cutting cord wood, burning charcoal, and starting the new works.
They brought provisions in for many of the poverty stricken settlers of the
valley, who were then drawing supplies at Elyton from the government. Their coming was a godsend to
the country.
The new furnace went into blast early in 1866.
Clothed in a stout, brick jacket, it stood forty feet high, was six feet wide
at the boshes, and was lined with sandstone. It was located on the precise site
of the former plant at the bluff's foot. The new tramway, fashioned of pine
rails, climbed up grade to the top of the furnace hill; the ore loads were
pulled up by mules, and the mine cars " or empties " rolled back to
the ore dump by their own gravity. The furnace blast was
forced by steam power, and the boiler, engine, and blowing cylinders
were manufactured by McElwain on the spot.
The blast engine, the first in the county by the way,
was 160 horse power, and the fly wheel alone weighed
36 tons. This engine was placed later at Woodstock in the Edwards furnace.
Machine shop, foundry, commissary, boarding houses, employees' houses, negro quarters, stables, and corral were added to the Irondale
plant. The furnace produced well. The output was ten tons a day, and the
quality of the iron used was good for small castings, domestic utensils, and
for railroad use. The company furnished the old Selma, Rome, and Dayton
Railroad (now a part of the Southern system) frogs, switches, and chairs for
the rails. According to H. D. Merrill, the manufacturers got sixty dollars per
ton for their pig iron. It was hauled by ox team, three or four tons to the
load, down the Montevallo road to Brocke Gap, where
it was loaded on freight cars, and was sent on down to Helena and Calera. The
cost of labor per ton was eight dollars and the cost of transportation, all
told, two dollars a ton. This was at the outset when Irondale was the sole
furnace in operation not only in Jefferson County, but
in the entire State.
Mr.
Merrill says further:
"When Irondale furnace went again into blast, it
woke up the whole valley. Our Big Jim whistle, the largest whistle
]
________________________
l98
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
believe that was ever made, was also the loudest. We blew it
night and morning and it echoed far and wide. The country people used to flock
in from right and left, and there were crowds watching us most of the time. All
the folks I met, even then in 1866, had no use for red ore other than to dye
their clothes with it. They used to be so surprised when they saw us making it
into iron right before their eyes. They got to thinking the land maybe had more
value than they supposed all their lives."
" Boss " McElwain, as he was called, had
considerable originative force as well as practical sense. He dealt in an
upright way with folk, and his word was as good as his bond. Dr. George Morrow
of Birmingham says: "Mr. McElwain was respected and looked up to
everywhere. Had he not been so heavily handicapped, he'd have made a great
success. He had courage and ability and he accomplished an extraordinary amount
of work, for which he has never, to my notion, got full credit."
One early spring morning of 1867, Boss McElwain was
riding up the old wagon road to the furnace, astride his big, dappled gray.
Just as he struck the bridge he heard a shrill voice piping, it seemed, right
out of the leaves of the big Spanish oak there:
" You ride a gray horse
AndI ride a mule:
Beat me to Heaven
Have to get up in the cool"
Boss
McElwain drew rein. "Who's there?" he called.
A sturdy, black‑haired, tough little mite of a
bare‑legged boy dropped down from the oak branch, poked his head from
behind the tree trunk, and said:
"Have
y' got an extry job, Boss McElwain?"
"
What can you do ? " asked McElwain.
" A
sight of things," replied the youngster.
"How
do I know that?" The boss looked down.
" Try
me and you '11 find out quick," responded the boy.
"
What 's your name ? "
"
John David Hanby, Boss."
" How
old are you ? "
"
Eight year old, going on nine, Boss."
"Come along up to the furnace, John, and we'll
see what we have."
Thus did
John David Eanby, present superintendent of the
________________________
RESURRECTION
OF IRON WORKS 1866-1870 199
ore mines of the Sloss‑Sheffield Company, get his start
in the iron business. He had always been more or less around a blacksmith shop.
His first recollection is of his great‑grandfather, Andrew Jackson's own
man, David Hanby, making a gun. His
father, W. E`. Hanby, after his try at the
coal business, took contracts to supply a railroad camp near Helena with
provisions and country produce. The failure of the contractor also involved Hanby and he went broke. His little boy,
John David, who was born in 1858, at Mt. Pinson, at once set out to help.
Having been drawn by the big Jim whistle over to Irondale furnace, little John
David longed for work there, but he was afraid of Boss McElwain. He was so
afraid of the big man that he shinned up the tree by the bridge when he heard
the hoofs of the dappled gray. Hidden by the leaves, he had his say in his own
quaint way, and won his job.
The time came before long, however, when Boss
McElwain had to give up the fight. One misfortune after another attacked his
business. Funds got low, and the price of iron fell. He could not see his hand
before him. Tuberculosis seized him. In October of 1872 he entered upon
negotiations with James Thomas to
sell the property. He eventually tried railroading for a few years and then
went into the lumber business at Chattanooga, where he died. His name will
always be remembered in the history of the mineral development of the South. He
is accounted among the master workmen of pioneer days as one indeed who had the
grit and showed the way. Late in 1872, H. D. Merrill opened further entries at
the old Ishcooda mines, later operating the Cornwall
furnace for a time. Returning in 1880 to Jones Valley he became foreman at the
Alice furnace, and later, purchasing agent for the Elyton
Land Company. Under contract with the Sloss Company, eventually Mr. Merrill
quarried the first dolomite ever used in the Birmingham district, this precise
quality of flux being originally employed by this company.
Concerning James
Thomas, a Pennsylvanian by birth, Mary Gordon Duffee
wrote:
" Mr. Thomas came in the prime of early manhood,
to help develop the mineral interests of Jones Valley when the gloom of war's
destruction yet lingered over its fair face, and the task seemed hopeless. In
manner he was plain and unassuming; in mind,
intelligent and cultured. He labored with unwearied zeal for the establishment
and promotion of Sabbath schools and churches.... His first term of service was
as superintendent
________________________
200
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
of the Irondale furnaces, and subsequently the Eureka company
at Oxmoor.... It was a constant and favorite remark of Mr. Thomas that he
believed, when fully investigated and developed, Jefferson County would prove
to be the richest county in mineral deposits in the entire United States.... It
was to him all distinguished visitors were referred, and his statistics upon
the ores form part of the most valuable of the tabulated data on that important
subject."
The Irondale furnace was
finally abandoned by Mr. Thomas, mainly on account of scarcity of
timber. Together with Colonel Sloss he leased the Oxmoor plant in 1876. The
Irondale property was eventually purchased by Joseph F. Johnston, one time
president of the Sloss Company, and present United States senator from Alabama,
and by him it was turned into a farm and orchard. All the machinery was sold to
the Swedish sea captain, Charles Linn, for the Linn iron works (now owned by
the Tennessee Company), and to the Louisville and Nashville Railroad shops. The
old " big Jim whistle," screeching to‑day as loudly as ever in
Birmingham, is the only echo left of the old Cahaba iron works of Shades
Valley.
One may visit the site of
the old plant by motor flight. It is owned to‑day by
the Church brothers. " You all can't have been very long about
these parts if y' don't know whar Church lives,"
it is said when attempt is made to trace the already forgotten trail. The car
must be left on the main road—the old Montevallo road by the
way—and one must press through weeds and briers shoulder‑deep,
scale a fence around stony pasture land, cross over the now bridgeless creek on
a foot log and search for the tram track and the old wagon road. Winding into
the very heart of the woods it goes, leading at last to an open sunlit space
where once the commissary stood, near the stout masonry abutments of the little
fallen bridge. The way is strewn all along with bits of iron and slag, and
through the interlacing trees, frown the ruins of the old quarters. Beyond a
little winding of Shades Creek is another open grassy space, closed in by tall
trees, and at the far end shadowed by the bluff and the fallen stacks. The old
furnace is but a shapeless mass of tumbled brick and rock and twisted iron
rods. A long‑leafed yellow pine waves from the topmast part of the old
stack where once floated the smoke, its plume of industry. A slender sycamore
and a sweet‑gum peep over the deep well‑like cavity. Frosty hoarhound flowers, strings of poke berries, and festoons of
wild muscadine
________________________
RESURRECTION
OF IRON WORKS 1866-1870 201
drape it graciously, and, parting the vines, one may see
where the molten iron and slag have enameled the brick and stone with myriads
of colors as though set with strange, bright jewels. Like Cedar Creek, Old
Tannehill, Eagle, Rob Roy, Brighthope, Brierfield, Chocolloco, and the
others, Irondale, too, has been turned by nature and by time into a poem.
The other furnace plant in Shades Valley remained
silent until the success of Irondale, during the years 1867 to 1870, at length
brought a revival of interests to the blackened Oxmoor ruins, and a meeting of
the directors and shareholders of the South and North (or Alabama Central Railroad)
was held in Montgomery in the summer of 1871 to decide on ways and means of
rebuilding the plant.
Oxmoor remained just as the Federal raiders had left
it, in the month of April, 1868, " a scene of
loneliness and ruin," Mary Gordon Duffee has
chronicled, "that makes my soul faint to recall it." Miss Duffee, a young
girl at the time of the war, had, at Oxmoor, an experience of deep and singular
pathos. She was in Montevallo when the invading army entered. Her brothers were
out in the field, and her parents were sixty‑five miles away at Blount
Springs.
" It was about set of sun," she writes,
"when we heard the rolling of
many drums and saw waving pennants and banners of war, and a seemingly endless
column of cavalry approach the town. All night we waited the agony of the dawn,
knowing a battle was imminent, as the forces of Forrest, Buford, and Roddey were on the southern outskirts. In the forenoon we
heard firing at the depot, and a heavy skirmish began.
" Two days afterwards with the aid of Miss Emma
Bailey I succeeded in organizing a little band of women and children, and we
went down the railroad as far as Brierfield to search
for the wounded, comfort the dying, and arrange for the burial of the dead.
Having discharged my duty I resolved to make my way home on foot. Starvation
reigned on every hand. After a walk of thirty miles, begging my nourishment of
hominy and buttermilk from the ruined and wretched people by the way, I reached
Oxmoor at the close of one of those tenderly beautiful days typical of early
spring in this climate. I had renewed my fainting strength—faint indeed
from hunger and the dreary walk—with the hope of receiving food and
shelter in the dear homes of Oxmoor. As I neared the familiar scene, my heart
sank at the strange stillness of the landscape,—not
a sound save the call of the birds as they flew from limb to limb. Here and
there an old army horse searched for the tender young grass; the wild honey
________________________
202
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
suckle threw its spray of pink tendrils against the rocks;
it was all so sweet and tranquil—but so overwhelmingly lonely! At last I
mustered courage to venture on, and found myself standing amid blackened ruins
against the wall of the furnace tower. Up the hill were silent, deserted
houses; not a living human being was in sight. The awful truth flashed upon my
mind, and in despair too bitter for words, blinded with tears, I knelt down and
prayed my God for courage.
"Rising, I looked up at the summit of the high hill,
whose sides had been utterly shorn of their timber, and I saw a comfortable
building with smoke issuing from the chimney. This seemed a sign of inhabitants
and security. Wearily I climbed the steep and rugged path, and arriving at the
gate, told them who I was, begged a sleeping place on their floor, and assured
them with all due humility and politeness that I would not presume to ask for
food, only the charity of their shelter. The head of the family was a clever,
kind gentleman, and son‑in‑law of old man Stroup, the pioneer iron
maker of central Alabama, and the friend of my father and of my childhood. This
family welcomed me, acted in the most hospitable manner, and compelled me to
share the few supplies they had managed to save.
" Refreshed by a night of unbroken sleep, I bade
these blessed friends adieu at an early hour and wended my solitary way to the
wretched ruins. The morning sun shone from a cloudless sky, and I lingered long
amid those mournful scenes; then pursued my journey up the street, past the
silent homes, only one or two of which were left to greet me. On the summit I
stopped to view the grave of a child of Mr. Haynes, a scientist. To my horror a
wayfarer told me that stragglers from the army had broken the marble stones and
dug into the grave in search of treasure. I hurried away. A couple of Southern
soldiers passed me; they were my neighbors, and by them I sent a message to my
father to meet me at Elyton. Hope arose in my heart,
and soon I found myself at the door of Baylis E. Grace.
I wish I had words to tell the gracious sweetness of his voice and manner as he
led me into the presence of his young wife, an old Tuskaloosa
friend of my childhood; how nobly they exerted themselves in my behalf; how
freely they divided their food with me; how graciously the day passed."
Thus the ruins of old
Oxmoor are pictured.
212
THE STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
(David Thomas comes to
Alabama. Did David Thomas inform
James Thomas of opportunities in Alabama or were his sons and James competitors? Note: we don't know when Daniel Hillman
came to Jones Valley)
Coincident with Daniel Hillman's visit to Jones
Valley was that of David Thomas of Pennsylvania, "the pioneer of the
anthracite iron trade of America" The celebrated old ironmaster, together
with his son, Samuel Thomas, and his grandson, Edwin Thomas, came south first
at the insistence of his old friend and fellow‑countryman, Giles Edwards.
At the old inn in Elyton, they met up with Baylis Grace, whom they employed as their agent. At this
date (1866-1869) nothing beyond the purchase of mineral lands by (Giles
Edwards, near Tannehill, in the name of Samuel Thomas and Robert H. Sayre, was
accomplished. But this was the first step in the making of the Old Pioneer
Mining and Manufacturing Company, which was the foundation property of the
Alabama holdings of the great Republic Iron and Steel Company. Operations were
not begun until the eighteen‑eighties. Another Pennsylvanian visitor of
this early period, who did much to arouse interest in the mineral region, was William D. Kelly, known as " Pig
Iron Kelly."
________________________
FOUNDING
GREAT WORKSHOP TOWN, 1869‑1872 229
It was at this time (early in 1871) that the Welsh
iron‑master, Giles Edwards, passed through .Jones
Valley and began his work of prospecting and purchasing mineral properties for
the Pioneer Mining and Manufacturing Company, now part of Republic Iron and
Steel Company.
" On our way to Tannehill," Mrs. Edwards
remarked, " we passed through Elyton,
and saw the site of Birmingham. There were then only two section houses for the
men starting the railroad—nothing else. But my husband pointed up the
long valley. ' There lies Birmingham,' he said; ' all that is going to be
Birmingham some day.' And he spread his arms out to take in the whole
country—so."
At Tannehill the Edwards family occupied a house near
the ruins of the old stone furnace. It is still standing and is known as the
" old mansion house." Here they entertained extensively, having
visitors from many parts, especially from Pennsylvania, among them members of
the Thomas family and Captain Bill Jones.
In response to an inquiry from one E. Wilbur of
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, relative to the cost of constructing a then modern
plant on the old furnace site at Tannehill, Giles Edwards wrote, May 26, 1871:
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230
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
" 1. The cost of building a charcoal blast
furnace at this place, of the following dimensions: Height, thirty‑five
feet; diameter at the boshes, nine feet, with hot blast and blowing engine,
steam boilers, etc., would be thirty‑two thousand dollars ($32,000); a
furnace of the above dimensions will make ten tons of pig iron per
day—(see accompanying estimate).
" 2. The cost of making hot blast charcoal iron
will range from seventeen dollars and fifty cents to twenty dollars per ton.
" 3. The cost of transportation of pig iron to
Mobile from the Brierfield Iron Works, the highest
rate that I have known was seven dollars ($7) per ton, by rail by way of Selma
and Meridian, Mississippi, to Mobile, and from there by sea to New York at the
rate of three dollars per ton,—consult the map
and compare the distance from this place,—Tannehill, and Mobile and
Montevallo and Mobile.
" 4. As to the probable time it would take to
build up and get into blast after first breaking ground, I will say that if a
start be made the first of August to make charcoal and commence the buildings,
I believe that I could make about six hundred tons of pig iron inside of twelve
months.
" Any other information upon this subject that
you desire I shall be glad to give
at any time."
The Edwards family eventually removed from Tannehill
to Woodstock where Mr. Edwards constructed his own blast furnace. In addition
to being a furnaceman and iron‑master, Giles
Edwards was also, according to DeBardeleben and others, a practical geologist,
a student, an engineer, and an expert prospector. The Welshman worked
unceasingly for many years at Woodstock. His wife was his comrade and his
helper in every sense of the word. " There never was a better wife than
Giles Edwards' wife," an old friend exclaimed, " but how she worked!
They were a working team, those two! Up from daylight till dark, always busy,
always doing something for other people. They had a big house, and were
entertaining company all the time. As no servants could be gotten then for love
or money, Mrs. Edwards had her hands full, and the way she managed things and
moved around and got things done—there never was her equal! "
Certain it is that if ever a woman helped the iron business along in Alabama it
was Giles Edwards' plucky wife. Her greatest desire— and her
husband's—was to see Wales once more and to take their children there.
But they never realized their dream. Together they would often talk Welsh, just
as in the old time at Carbondale. Mr. Edwards subscribed for a Welsh paper all
his life and one of his intimate friends was a Welsh bard. Often in
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FOUNDING
GREAT WORKSHOP TOWN, 1869-1872 231
memory he would go back to Merthyr Tydvil, his proud town
that was named for a king's daughter; and who can ever know how many times he
saw those shadowy furnaces of other years loom dark on the horizon line when
his heart would ache for home.
He was a quiet, kindly, deep‑hearted man who
loved his work. How bitter it was to him to see the fruit of his toil turned to
cinders, to see the ground he had deemed so solid apparently prove to be quicksand,
that caught and sucked under his most cherished projects, none can ever
measure. When the depression of 1893 engulfed the land, Giles Edwards was too
old to take a fresh start, and he died before he could see beyond the bitter
waters.
238 CHAPTER
XVI
RECONSTRUCTION
OF OXMOOR AND ADVENT OF LOUISVILLE
AND NASHVILLE
RAILROAD INTO ALABAMA 1872-1873
(Early in 1873 Oxmoor was
put into blast. Other historians state that James Thomas was in charge. No
mention of James Thomas is made in this account.)
EARLY
spring of 1872 marked the entrance of Daniel Pratt and Henry Fairchild
DeBardeleben into the Birmingham District. They acquired controlling interest
in the Red Mountain Iron and Coal Company, and upon Colonel Troy's failure to
enlist northern capital in the reconstruction of the Oxmoor furnaces,
they assumed charge of the reconstruction work. A reorganization was effected,
Judge Henry D. Clayton of Eufaula, Alabama, was elected president, and the name
of the company was changed to the Eureka Mining Company, after Captain E. B.
Ward's triumphant Michigan enterprise.
Daniel Pratt and Judge Clayton put up the bulk of the
money needed to construct two twenty‑five‑
ton charcoal furnaces modeled after the Shelby plant, and agreed to make up
deficiencies, should the other stockholders fail to raise the full amount required.
This venture of Daniel
Pratt is spoken of by his biographer, Mrs. Tarrant, as "
the last and crowning act of his life." She
________________________
RECONSTRUCTION
OF OXMOOR 239
says: "It was undertaken reluctantly on account of his age
and infirmity, for he doubted if he should live to witness its completion, yet
his State pride urged him to undertake it. He believed something should be done
to develop the mineral resources of the State. He thought labor should be
diversified in order that the South might sustain herself.... For this
enterprise he felt great solicitude, and remarked a few days before his last
illness, ' If it is the will of God, I should like to see the completion of
this enterprise."'
Young DeBardeleben, who was Mr. Pratt's son‑in‑law,
was appointed superintendent and general manager of the new company at a salary
of $7,000 per year, which was big money for the office in those days. "
And I came in and took charge of what I knew nothing about !
" DeBardeleben says: " I 'd worked iron up into gins, but I had never
set eyes on the raw product. Oxmoor was my first lesson in the iron business,
and Joe Squire was my first teacher on goal."
Up to this time, early in 1872, DeBardeleben had
never put foot in the mineral region. Nothing was known of him more than that
he had helped run the gin factory down in Prattville for several years and had
married Ellen Pratt, Daniel Pratt's only child. He now took hold of his new
job, and began to spur on the work to a galloping pace. Savagely energetic,
restless, impatient, he seemed to have one foot always in the stirrup, and to
be itching to mount and be off and away. Surely he had plenty of sap in his
bones. He was just about thirty then, and dashingly good looking, they say. Six
feet tall, he was erect and well proportioned, and an athlete. He could leap
his horse clear from the ground, they tell, and ride like Bill Weatherford. His
hair and mustache were black, his face ruddy, and his eyes black and quick as a
bird's. His aquiline nose and a certain arch of brows, with the bright
quickness of his eye, gave to his profile then, as now, a
keenness, a hawk‑like look.
Although born and reared in AIabama,
Henry Fairchild DeBardeleben was of Hessian breed, and showed it. His
great-grandfather was one of the twenty‑two thousand fighting men who
came out of Hesse‑Cassel to the Colonies, at
England's call, during the American Revolution. Landing at Charleston, South
Carolina, this Captain DeBardeleben hired out himself, his sword, and his men,
for England. When the war was over, he got a wife in South Carolina and bred
tall sons in the Southern woods.
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240
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
A liking
for the wild forest, a free life, and the big surge of the far away hills had
quickened the DeBardeleben blood for‑generations. " The Indian's
life as it used to be—that is the only life worth living," Colonel
DeBardeleben says: " I 'd rather be out in the woods on the back of a fox‑trotting
mule, with a good seam of coal at my feet than be president of the United
States. I never get lonely in the woods, for I picture as I go along, and the
rocks and the forests are the only books I read."
And, indeed, given his fox‑trotting mule, a
coal seam, and a " couple of riggers " with picks and shovels, and
DeBardeleben, even to‑day, becomes lost to civilization for months at a
time. He is a born woodsman, and never gets lost in the woods, but in a town or
city, even in Birmingham itself, that he has seen grow from a smithy and
railroad crossing to the great coal, iron, and steel center of the South, he
frequently becomes more or less bewildered.
To return for a moment to
his forebears. Scarcely a record is extant. The old Hessian
captain's grandson, Henry DeBardeleben, left South Carolina for Alabama in his
later life. His first wife had died, and lat;e in the eighteen‑thirties he married a Miss Fairchild
of New York. He owned a cotton plantation in Autauga County, where was born, in
1841, his oldest son, Henry Fairchild DeBardeleben, destined to become the most
picturesque and dramatic character in the coal and iron history of the South.
When Henry DeBardeleben was no more than ten years
old, his father died. His mother then took her little family to Montgomery.
Henry began to earn a few dollars a month by working in a grocery store. At
that time in Alabama there was a strong bond of interest and friendship between
the few Northern men and women in the State, and Daniel Pratt and his wife were
oldtime friends of the widow DeBardeleben. Pratt at
length became the guardian of Henry E. DeBardeleben, and brought him to
Prattville when he was sixteen years old and sent him to school. He took him
into his home as one of his own family, and brought him up as his own son, in
the " big white house," as the Pratt home was always called.
Now from the plain record of his life, Daniel Pratt's
one gospel was work. Indeed, he wore duty, labor, principle,
religion strapped, as boards, upon his back. His weather‑vane pointed
uncompromisingly toward New England. His sphere of life was
________________________
RECONSTRUCTION
OF OXMOOR 241
a narrow height, skyward reaching, rock‑rimmed, just
such a place for an eagle's breeding. And, indeed, one scarcely stretches a
point when it is said that from this rock in reality an eagle did take wing, as
presently shall be discerned.
For the time being, however, one may readily surmise
that the wild boy with the Hessian blood in his veins must have been often a
sore trial to Daniel Pratt. He was forever cutting loose from everything, and
making for the woods, stalking deer, running down rabbits and foxes, making his
home with all manner of strange folk. Books and the four walls of the
schoolroom irked young Henry, but Daniel Pratt bent him to study and discipline
two mortal years. To keep him occupied out of school hours, however, and to
give him a chance to work off some of his energy, he made the boy boss of the teamsters
and the lumber yard. This job got the young fellow up
before daylight, and gave him some slight idea of discipline, self‑control,
and management; it gave him, too, a certain fellowship with the men about the
works. The boy was not a shirker or lazy. Then, too, work was a respite from
the books. At length he had his chance to quit books altogether, for Daniel
Pratt made him superintendent of the gin factory.
Then the war broke out, and young DeBardeleben
enlisted as a private in the Prattville Dragoons. He lay
in barracks a space, at Pensacola, and then made straight for the firing line.
A sinew of Bragg's army, his company went through Shiloh, after which DeBardeleben was detailed out of the field by Governor Shorter,
to take charge of the bobbin factory at Prattville, which had been pressed into
the Confederate service. This year, 1862, was also the year of his marriage to
Ellen Pratt, the daughter of Daniel Pratt. She was sixteen and DeBardeleben
twenty‑one years of age.
He got into habits of steady industry during the
ensuing years, became of some real assistance to Daniel Pratt, and helped
manage with good grip the growing business. Pratt came to confide more and more
his business projects to his son‑in‑law, and in particular, his new
railroad enterprises, the South and North business, and the iron making venture
in Shades Valley.
The coal mines of the Red
Mountain Company were at that time in charge of Joe Squire who had been
employed since the fall of 1871 by George N. Gilmer and A. J. Noble. Mr. Squire
also had charge of the engineering work.
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242
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
" On
May 13, 1872," he writes, " Daniel Pratt and Henry F. DeBardeleben
came to the Helena Mines, and informed me that they had bought a controlling
interest in the Red Mountain Company's mining and furnace property, and
requested me to keep charge of the Helena mines, and also do some surveying at
once at the Oxmoor furnace property. I got on their waiting train and
accompanied them to Oxmoor, where they directed me to survey the boundaries of
the lands, especially the Red Mountain Company's lands, and locate a mine in
the Red Ore, and a tram road for the supply of the furnaces with said ore, and
more especially to notify the people in the houses at the works to please
vacate them as they would be needed in the course of a month for the
hands."
Early in the winter of 1873, the Oxmoor furnace went
into blast. Daniel Pratt was down then, ill to death, but he rejoiced deeply
over the fact that the reconstruction work, by which he hoped the South would
gain new life, and diversfied industries have birth,
had at length, partly by means of his own earnings and his counsel, and by the
work done by his son‑in‑law, reached completion.
" I remember the very day our furnaces went into
blast,?' said DeBardeleben; "the dogs started up
a deer, and ran him full speed clean over the pig bed. The woods all round were
chuck full of game. The wild turkeys flew every which way." The place is
still wild and wooded and strangely picturesque.
The village of Oxmoor took on new lease of life for a
little while, under DeBardeleben's administration.
Mary Gordon Duffee revisited the place about this
time when she was invited to Birmingham as the guest of the city. Of Oxmoor she
says:
" The furnaces were just rebuilt, and the former
sense of busy, active life pervaded the spot. Here every attention was shown
me, deference to my slightest wishes, manifested by all the employees from the
highest to the lowest. Carefully I investigated the works and made notes. But
those who expected brilliant language from me were disappointed. I was too full
of the silent memories of the dark hours of the past to venture a word. I knew
I could not talk; I was too deeply moved. Little did the elegant men who
escorted me about know how often I brushed the tears away as I made notes in my
book. There I stood by the enormous engine wheel, and recognized the hand of
kind Heaven in raising up Daniel Pratt to 'rebuild the waste places' and ' make
the desert blossom as the rose."'
CHAPTER XVII
LIFE SAVING MEASURES 1873-1878
THE Oxmoor
furnaces remained shut down until the fall of 1873. That the chartered rights
of the old company might be secured, a new organization, the Eureka Mining and
Transportation Company of Alabama, was then effected; and the rights and titles
to both the Eureka and the Red Mountain Iron and Coal Company were purchased.
These rights bestowed upon the original incorporators by the legislature of
Alabama were, according to Frank P. O'Brien, without precedent in the history
of any corporation in the United States. They represented an extraordinary and
practically unlimited power, including capital stock unlimited, perpetual
duration, absolute exemption from personal liability of stockholders, exemption
of all company properties from taxation for twenty years, barring a slight
school tax,—all privileges that no amount of
money could purchase at the present time.
The governing body of the new company was composed,
in the main, of the former directors: George Gilmer, Charles T. Pollard, Daniel
S. Troy, David Clopton, A. J. Noble, B. S. Bibb, and
M. E. Pratt. Colonel Troy was elected president; A. J.
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256
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
Noble, treasurer;
T. S. Mount, secretary, while Levin S. Goodrich, old Daniel Hillman's grandson,
and the only really practical iron man in the company, was engaged as manager
and superintendent, in the place vacated by young DeBardeleben.
To make a ton of iron at this time in the Oxmoor
furnace required 196-1/2 bushels of charcoal. Goodrich reduced this amount to
123 bushels to the ton, and increased the output from eight tons to eighteen.
The employment of a chemist, a distinctly fresh endeavor in iron making in
Alabama at that time, was an incident of Colonel Troy's administration.
Goodrich, it seems, was not an advocate of the "grading by eye"
system, then in vogue all over mineral Alabama. He made a systematic
examination of the ores that fed the furnaces, and in 1874 obtained Colonel
Troy's consent to send various specimens to Dr. Wuth,
a Pittsburg chemist. Following the chemist's report, Goodrich wished to attempt
the reduction of these ores with coke. But the company had neither the capital
nor the relish for experiments. It struggled on, barely self‑sustaining.
" Levin Goodrich's ideas were always of a positive nature," asserts
Captain O'Brien, " and not a matter of conjecture, and they were sought by
many for the same reason that a man whistles when he goes through a graveyard,
to keep his courage up."
The little town of Birmingham was then practically a
graveyard. Nevertheless, Goodrich saw a great future ahead of it, once they all
started to making coke pig iron. " He always
said," remarked Captain O'Brien, "that nothing could keep the
Birmingham District from setting the price of iron for the entire world. He saw
no reason why that which is happening in 1909 should not have happened in
1874."
Levin S. Goodrich had been in the iron business from
his youth, as had his fathers before him. He was born in 1829, at the Old
Kentucky Steam Furnace in Greenup County, the year his good old grandfather,
Daniel Hillman, came into the wilderness of Alabama. Frank P. O'Brien has
furnished the following account:
" In 1834 Daniel Hillman, Jr., and the father of
Levin Goodrich left Kentucky and came to Reynoldeburg,
in Humphreys County, Tennessee, and erected a furnace on the waters of White
Oak Creek. To this furnace, rude in design and of small capacity, the name of
Fairhaven was given. The following year the families moved to Dover furnace, in
Stewart County, Tennessee. Here young Goodrich remained with his father and
uncle until
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LIFE
SAVING MEASURES 1873‑1878 257
1840, when
they moved to Missouri, remaining there three years. By this time young
Goodrich had gained some knowledge of iron making He was required by his father
and uncle to do every kind of work—from the cutting of cord wood, burning
of charcoal, digging of iron ore, to the superintendence of the furnace.
" In 1844 there were no rolling mills nearer
than Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, so the owners of the Dover and Bear Spring
furnaces established one on the Cumberland River, above Dover. Daniel Hillman,
Jr., and Dr. Watson purchased the Tennessee rolling mills in Nashville, which
plant had long been idle and practically dismantled, and moved it to Kentucky,
and began work in 1846, with Richard Fell. In 1848, after the death of Mr.
Hillman's partner, Mr. Goodrich was given charge of the mill. Later, in 1848,
George W. Hillman, who had been managing the Fulton furnaces, was put in charge
of the rolling mill, and Mr. Goodrich was given charge of the Fulton furnaces.
Here he remained until 1851, when he had three liberal propositions from
outside parties to go into the iron business; but his uncle, Daniel Hillman,
Jr., appreciating his worth, agreed to give him a fourth interest in the Mt.Aetna property. This proposition he accepted, and
remained in constant control and operation until the furnace was blown out in December, 1854, because it was impossible to get the product
to market. From Mt. Aetna, Mr. Goodrich went back to Centre, Kentucky, and took
charge of the Centre furnace. While there he married Miss Louisa Ross Carter,
daughter of Dr. B. N. Carter, himself an iron man of considerable character.
The Civil War coming on about this time, Mr. Goodrich remained for a time in
the iron business in Kentucky and Tennessee. [He made a tour of inspection
through Alabama, as before noted.] In 1866, in connection with his brother, he
purchased from his uncle, George W. Hillman, the Hurricane mill property in
Humphreys County, Tennessee, where he remained until he located at Oxmoor in
1873."
Handicapped as the Eureka Company then was, having to
make iron at more expense than profit, minus a market, minus expert labor, and
minus even the timber for charcoal, every prediction of disaster pointed out to
them by Henry F. DeBardeleben the year before at length confronted the company.
James Thomas was trying to steer Irondale furnace off
the rocks. The so‑called Birmingham District, so widely advertised by
Colonel Powell, had become the laughing stock of the whole iron world. "
The fools down in Alabama," it was said in Pittsburg, " are shipping
us ferruginous sandstone and calling it iron ore! "
Judge Mudd
and his two boys took the Oxmoor furnaces in
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258
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
lieu of a debt due them for timber, and ran the plant for
several months. A debt of $240,000 was now hanging over the property and the
officers of the Eureka Company, turned fairly desperate, goaded by ridicule at
home and abroad, made a public offer to turn over their furnaces to any man or
any company of men desirous of proving that iron could be successfully
manufactured in the Birmingham District.
" Just here," Frank P. O'Brien says, "
those of us who had invested every dollar we possessed in Birmingham under the
impression that the wealth untold that had been described to us by the
promoters of the then infant city would, in a few years, make each one of us a
millionaire, saw that something must be done to demonstrate the truth of the
many claims made for this region. Who was the man to lead us out of this
wilderness of despair? That man came forward in the person of Colonel John T.
Milner. Colonel Milner sent out notices to ' All those who are interested in
the success of Birmingham,' calling them to meet in the office of the Elyton Land Company, situated then in the second story of
the building later known as the Bank Saloon, on the corner of First Avenue and
Twentieth Street.
" This meeting was pretty well attended and was
opened by calling Judge William Mudd to the chair,
with Major Willis J. Milner as secretary. Colonel Milner stated the object of
the call to be the formulation of a plan to organize a Cooperative Experimental
Company, which would take advantage of the offer of the Eureka Mining and
Transportation Company. He, on his part, would subscribe one thousand dollars
in cash and a good sample of coal from three properties, to test its coking
qualities. He called upon all others owning coal lands to take up the matter
and do all they could to bring about some practical result which would
demonstrate that our mineral deposits were not failures."
Major Willis J. Milner, secretary of the meeting,
reports that after stating the purposes and the objects of the call for the
meeting, Colonel Milner stood up and said: " We are confronted with a
condition that calls for action on our part. We have been crying 'Natural
resources,' and depending on others to come and develop them, like the man
calling on Hercules to come and pull his wagon out of the mud. Hercules will
not come until we put our own shoulders to the wheel. In my boyhood while at
school I knew an old gentleman, a Jew, who by his wisdom and astuteness in
business had accumulated a great fortune.
________________________
LIFE
SAVING MEASURES 1873‑1878 259
The old
man seemed to take an interest in me, and said to me on one occasion, ' Boy,
never deceive yourself, as many persons do. You may deceive others, but you
must never deceive yourself. Always be sure of that. Now,' and Colonel Milner
turned to the men, ' we are liable to deceive ourselves as to the value and quality
of our natural resources on which we have so long been depending. We don't know
what we can do. Let us find out for ourselves. We have been resting long enough
on our natural resources. It is time we should be creating resources."'
A statement from Levin S.
Goodrich, giving the result of his investigations and his positive knowledge
that success would follow the experiment of making iron with coke, was read by
Major Milner. Mr. Goodrich himself addressed the meeting in a
clear and reasonable talk.
The result was immediate. The organization of the
Cooperative Experimental Coke and Iron Company was effected, and it adjourned
to meet June 1 following for the purpose of hearing reports from committees to
solicit subscriptions, and also to elect a board of managers or trustees. Power
was given a committee, consisting of B. F. Roden,
John T. Milner, Willis J. Milner, W. S. Mudd, and
Frank P. O'Brien, to make such arrangements as would be equitable with Colonel
Troy and the other officers of the Eureka Mining and Transportation Company,
looking to the carrying out of the Troy proposition. The adjourned meeting
reconvened June 1, and after hearing reports, a permanent organization was
effected by the election of Colonel J. W. Sloss, Charles Linn, and William S. Mudd as a board of managers by the subscribers. At the same
meeting Levin S. Goodrich was elected superintendent.
About this time a proposition was submitted by a
Belgian named Shantle, for the use of a patent coke
oven known as the Shantle Reversible Bottom Oven,
which he claimed was the best system known for converting coal to coke. His
proposition was accepted, and five ovens were built by Frank
P. O'Brien under the supervision of the patentee.
Levin S. Goodrich, with the furnaceman
John Veitch as his right‑hand man, began at
once changing the furnaces from charcoal to coke furnaces, also cold blast to
hot blast by the introduction of (foodrich's Blast
Furnace Feeder. Many other improvements were made.
Meanwhile,
experiments with the various coals were under way.
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260
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
There were
then but four coal mines in operation in the
Birmingham District: Newcastle, Warrior, Worthington, and Helena. There had
been a little hole in the ground dug over what was then known as the Browne
seam, out in the Warrior field, by Uncle Billy Goold.
Several loads were sent down to the furnaces by ox team and the coal was found
to be the precise quality Goold claimed it was. It
beat every other coal then known in the district for coking purposes..
It seems that the year after Billy Goold had sold out in Shelby County and had essayed the
cotton‑ broker's business in Selma, he " went busted," as he
says. He then renewed his coal trade and opened what is known to‑day as
the Goold seam in the Cahaba field. He later went
into partnership with Pierce, and helped him open his mine at Warrior. "
Went busted again," said Uncle Billy, and he took to the woods
prospecting. " Not one dollar did I have, and I dug night and day in the
Warrior field, sometimes without food, for over two months. Then one day I
struck a seam that made my heart thump for the thickness of it. I came then
straightway down into Birmingham, and I went to see my friend, H. T. Beggs. He said he must take a look at the coal. He came and
saw it, and he went into partnership with me. We bought one hundred and sixty
acres, and I opened two drifts. At depth of one hundred feet I discovered coal
four feet and eight inches thick. And good coking coal it was
! " This was the coal later named the great Pratt seam.
Uncle Billy enlisted Major Peters, Mr. Pritchard, and
Colonel Tate in the scheme. They put up a few dollars, and a pine‑pole
road was started into Birmingham. They then brought the coal to the attention
of Colonel Sloss.
As far as the railroad business went in the mineral
district then, affairs on the South and North were still in sorry shape. There
was neither coal, iron, nor lumber for the road to carry.
Neither were there passengers. For nobody ever went anywhere
in Alabama in those days. Between Decatur and Calera there was not
enough traffic to warrant the operation of a passenger coach once a week, nor to operate more than one freight car a day. There was no
revenue from any source. The outlay of money to complete the railroad was money
out of the pockets of the stockholders. Colonel Sloss, president of the
unfortunate road, felt, with Albert Fink and John T. Milner, responsible for
the extension policy of the Louisville and Nashville into Alabama,
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LIFE
SAVING MEASURES 1873‑1878 261
and was naturally deeply concerned. The ownership of the Oxmoor
property had at length reverted to Henry F. DeBardeleben, who now possessed the
furnaces, and, as heir to Daniel Pratt, owned Red Mountain from Graces Gap to
the town now known as Bessemer.
The experiment of making iron with coke seemed to
every man in the district the last straw. Every eye was turned to Oxmoor.
Colonel Sloss waited breathless. The rise or fall of the Louisville and Nashville
in Alabama was involved in the experiment. If it were unsuccessful, then the
South and North Railroad must be forever abandoned in Alabama. James Thomas, too, from over in
Irondale, watched the experiment with nerves on edge. Blast furnaces in the
Birmingham District must be given up if coke pig iron could not be made. The
little group of men making up the Experimental Company were
perhaps even more concerned. Their personal fortunes, and the life or death of
the town of Birmingham, depended on the outcome at the Oxmoor furnace.
On February 28, 1876, the thing was done! Coke pig
iron was made! Every statement of Levin S. Goodrich was proved true. For the
first time in Jefferson County and in the history of iron making in Alabama
coke pig iron was made, and of good quality. The Birmingham District, the
Louisville and Nashville Railroad, and the town of Birmingham with all its
citizens saw daylight. It was yet to be demonstrated, however, whether coke
iron could be made at a profit.
Colonel Sloss and James Thomas did not lose a minute. They entered into negotiations
with young DeBardeleben and with the directors and stockholders of the Eureka
Mining and Transportation Company, looking to the purchase of the rights,
titles, and interests of the company. After getting options on the property
they at once organized a company comprising interests from Cincinnati and
Louisville. Colonel Sloss represented the Louisville interest, consisting of
Frank Guthrie, Victor Newcombe, Dr. Standifer, and others. James
Thomas represented the Cincinnati parties, among whom were David Sinton,1 D. B. Fallis,
I David Sinton of Cincinnati had made a fortune from
pig iron during the Civil War. He eventually acquired majority stock in the
Eureka Company and, at the time that DeBardeleben brought about the merger of
the Oxmoor property with the DeBardeleben Coal and Iron Company, Mr. Sinton was
practically the owner of historic old Oxmoor. David Sinton's daughter is the
wife of Charles P. Taft, brother of President Taft.
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262
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
Abel Breed, James Breed, and A. M. Brown, vice‑president of the
Merchants National Bank.
The charter of the Eureka Company was changed before
the new parties came into possession of the property. Thomas at once began
making changes, and during the next six months expended many thousands of
dollars in the building of two new stacks,—the
erection at Helena of one hundred coke ovens, and the building at the Oxmoor
plant of an expensive battery of patent ovens operated by machinery. The
capacity of the new furnaces was about four times as great as that of the old
ones, and a much better quality of metal was the result. Furnace No. 2 was
blown in March, 1876, while No. 1 was not completed
until July of 1877.
" Topping its big stone jacket," said John
Shannon, who began working as a water boy under foreman John David Hanby about this time, " was a fifteen‑foot high
iron work, making the furnace about fifty feet in height. No. 2 had three
tuyeres, but its daily capacity did not average more than twenty to twenty-five
tons. John Veitch was head furnaceman,
and my father, James Shannon, was his assistant."
Levin S. Goodrich returned to the iron business in
Tennessee, revamped the Mt. Aetna plant for J. C. Warner of Nashville, and
worked steadily at the iron trade until his death in 1886. He kept up his
interest in the Birmingham District till the last, and watched its progress
with eager eyes.
James Shannon was from across the water. Like Colonel
Sloss, he too was Irish, but he received his training as a foundry. man in England at the works of the great iron‑master,
Thomas Whitwell. He married a Lancashire lass when he
was working as a top‑filler in the Barron Furnace, and it was in
Lancashire 1867, that his son John was born.1 James
Shannon emigrated to the United States in 1874 with
his family. He worked under W. R. Thomas
in the Roane (sp must be Crane) Iron Works near Catasanqua,
Pennsylvania, and he was the first expert hand Thomas had been able to get.
" Up to that time Thomas had been working nothing but Pennsylvania farmers
at his furnaces, and they all used to quit him regularly when crops came into
consideration." Shannon accordingly stayed with him as keeper, as foundrymen were then called. Thomas used often to speak of
his brother James away
I John Shannon, the present‑day
superintendent of the Blast Furnace Department of Sloss-Sheffleld
Company.
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LIFE
SAVING MEASURES 1873‑1878 263
down in Alabama, running an " old timey " iron works
by the name of Oxmoor.
At length, being employed by Ex‑Governor Joe
Brown of Georgia and James C. Warner, president of the Tennessee Coal and
Railroad Company, to build the Rising Fawn plant, W. R. Thomas left Reddington, taking with him his two " steadies,"
James Shannon and Tim Ginevan. Just as they finished
the plant, they all got caught in the ebb-flow of the iron tide of 1876, when
pig iron dropped from fifty dollars to thirty dollars per ton, and put them, as
it put so many, to the bad. Shannon and his family went to Oxmoor.
At that time John Veitch
was in charge of the furnace under Sloss and Thomas. They were beginning to
have trouble with the Red Mountain ores. The furnaces kept turning out "
silver gray," then accounted a "rotten iron." There was a limeset every little while for which every one was at a
loss to account. Mr. Thomas sent for Peter Ferry, the St. Louis expert, to look
into the trouble. Ferry came, bringing with him as his assistant, in August, 1878, a young Missouri boy named John Dowling.
Veitch had been
making an iron too soft for the market, and Peter Ferry now got out an iron so
hard and brittle that the furnaces got limeset again,
and were worse than before. Mr. Veitch resigned and
would not return, although Thomas sent a messenger for him and tried to
persuade him. James Shannon was therefore made head furnaceman.
Shannon had been doing a little thinking of his own,
and he had discerned the root of the difficulty. It seems that in the continued
workings at the Red Mountain mines, the surface, or soft ore, had gradually
been used up, and the hard ore, with its additional lime, was being used in the
furnaces, with the same quantity of lime applied to the soft ore. It was a
perfectly simple matter, therefore, merely to use less lime and a mixture of
both soft and hard qualities of ore. Putting his theory into practice, James
Shannon thus accomplished the steady and successful reduction of Red Mountain
ores to the grade of pig iron then in demand.
From that time on Shannon was looked upon with new
consideration, and was associated until the day of his death with many iron‑making
enterprises in Birmingham. He was eventually employed by Underwood and
DeBardeleben to operate Mary Pratt furnace; he then went to the Williamson and
Bessemer
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264
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
furnaces, and finally to the Big Four at Ensley, where he
died in harness in 1897.
A matter of signal interest and importance to Alabama
during the early eighteen‑seventies was the reestablishment of the Geological
Survey. After the death of Professor Tuomey, in 1857,
the survey was discontinued. But the University of Alabama, in 1871, again took
the initiative just as it had done formerly in the matter of the first State
survey, requiring the Professor of Geology to devote as much time in traveling
over the State, in making examinations and collections in geology, as would be
consistent with his duties at the university.
Dr. Eugene Allen Smith was then, as now, Professor of
Geology of the university. He was then about thirty years old and had been
serving for three years as assistant State Geologist of Mississippi.
Although born in Alabama (in Washington, Autauga
County, October 27, 1841), Eugene A. Smith's forebears were all from New
England, being of the families Bradford, Phelps, and A1lyn of Massachusetts and
Connecticut. He is a lineal descendant of Colonial Governor William Bradford.
His father was Samuel Parrish Smith and his mother Adelaide Julia Allyn. His first schooling was at Prativille,
the town founded by Daniel Pratt of New Hampshire. After a few years' study in
Philadelphia, and again at Prattville, Eugene Smith entered the IJniversity of Alabama, and was graduated in 1862 with the
degree of A.B. Enlisting at once in the Confederate army, Thirty‑third
Alabama regiment, infantry, he served about a year when he was detailed by
President Davis as Instructor in Military Tactics at the University of Alabama.
At the war's close he went to Germany, and was at the University of (foettingen and the University of Heidelberg, from which
latter he received the degree of Ph.D. in 1868. Returning to the IJnited States, Dr. Smith accepted the position mentioned
in the Hississippi State Survey, and in 1871 accepted
the chair of Professor of Geology at the IJniversity
of Alabama.
He conducted the survey without compensation, as had
Professor Tuomey, a good part of the time. An act was
passed by the legislature, however, in 1873, reviving the State survey and
making an inadequate appropriation for expenses. In 1877 and in 1879 certain
additional appropriations were made, but the services of the geologist were
given without compensation until 1883. Mr. Henry McCalley,
assistant in the chemical depart
________________________
266 CHAPTER XVIII
BIRMINGHAM MILITANT 1876-1880
ALTHOUGH
the happy termination of the trials of the Experimental Company promised
daylight, as has been seen, it was misty weather that followed, after all. The
progress of the new Eureka Company suffered because the Louisville and
Cincinnati factions controlling it could not come to an agreement on any
proposition either of policy, financing, or operation. DeBardeleben held on to
the small block of stock he had retained at the transfer of the properties.
Each of the syndicates, looking towards majority control, desired to purchase
it. "But I would not sell," remarked the colonel. "I knew if
either party got full control the property would go to pieces again. So I
stayed umpire to keep the peace."
No further details on
James Thomas' efforts are given. He
apparently returned to Catasauqua when a resolution of the difficulties could
not be achieved.)
A
CHAPTER OF PROGRESS 1880‑1886 287
Neither Oxmoor nor Alice furnaces could
meet the demand for pig iron in this year. The Louisville an
Cincinnati factions in control of Oxmoor had come to the point where they
locked horns over the Eureka Company, and James Withers Sloss was getting
irked. Not one dollar's dividend had been paid by this
company.
"Why don't you build you a couple of
furnaces of your own,
288 THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
man?"
DeBardeleben said to the Irish colonel. "I'll let you have my Pratt coal
at cost, plus ten per cent for five years."
'Put that down in writing," exclaimed
Colonel Sloss, jumping his feet. The contract, to be held binding only in case
of the success of the projected company, was drawn up on the spot, signed and
sealed. An agreement to secure the requisite ore on practically the same terms
was obtained at DeBardeleben's instance, from Mark W.
Potter, who, at that time, owned the half of Red Mountain. With both contracts
in pocket, therefore, Colonel Sloss took train for Louisville. Exhibiting them
to President Standiford, he got the Louisville and
Nashville backing on the venture and B. F. Guthrie's capital for a booster. He
then cut ties from the Eureka Company and formed his first individual ironmaking concern in the Birmingham District in 1881,
under name of the Sloss Furnace Company. The list of officers included James W.
Sloss president; B. F. Guthrie, vice‑president; and Colonel Sloss's sons, Fred Sloss, secretary and treasurer, and Maclin Sloss, general manager. These four men, basing
operations on the Potter and DeBardeleben contracts, and with support of the
Louisville and Nashville, otherwise M. H. Smith, laid one of the foundation
stones for the big SlossSheffield Steel and Iron
Company of the present time.
A
CHAPTER OF PROGRESS 1880 - 1886 291
(Mention of Llewellyn Johns, a friend of James Thomas, who
was involved in the coal mining business)
Colonel Ensley then planted himself right down in
Alabama, resolved " to do up the Tennessee
Company or bust." He
________________________
292 THE STORY OF COAL AND
IRON IN ALABAMA
ordered four more slopes sunk at Pratt, one of which he
named the Laura Ensley, after his wife. His chief mining engineer was a Welshman named Llewellyn Johns, who
had been in charge of the
engineering work at Pratt, under DeBardeleben, for a short while. Johns was
born, as he says, " atop of a coal mine," in
1844, at Ponty Prodd,
Glamorganshire, Wales, the home county of Giles Edwards. After an interim at an
English military academy, he returned to Wales, to work in the coal mines. Like Billy Goold, he
saw no future for a miner in Great Britain, and left Wales for the United
States. The young man wandered over the middle
Atlantic States, working his way along, and finally struck for the West. His
adventures in Nebraska, Nevada, and Montana are a book in themselves.
Returning to Pennsylvania, he worked in the Diamond mines near Scranton, and in
other localities for various members of the Thomas family, through whom he was
induced to " try his luck in Birmingham." He arrived in the
Birmingham camp on a spring morning, in 1872, without one cent in his pocket.
He approached a man who was busy laying out claims and asked for a
job—" something to earn breakfast money." AB it turned out, the
man was Captain Frank P. O'Brien, a son of Llewellyn Johns' former boss, at the
Diamond mines, in Scranton. The warm‑hearted young Irish " captain
" was so delighted to learn this, that he at once went shares on
breakfast, bunk and board with the young Welsh miner. Johns then worked in and
around Birmingham as a carpenter and miner, and at the Warrior coal mines, under Pierce. He then went to Rising Faun,
Georgia, but returned in 1877, to Birmingham, when through James Thomas, he secured the position of superintendent of Helena
coal mines, near Oxmoor, after which he went to Pratt. He was eventually
identified as mining engineer with the Tennessee Company, the DeBardeleben Coal
and Iron Company, and the Republic Iron and Steel Company. The coal mine "
Johns," and the blast furnace, " King John," both now owned by
the Tennessee Company, were named for him. The colonel, now retired from
business, preserves, to this day, innumerable mementos of this wandering past
and has in glass cases, at his Birmingham home, " The Elms," the
scouting and Indian suits once worn by him, as also the uniform of his school
days. Gifted with a certain native‑born eloquence, an enthusiasm
distinctly foreign to the average American business man, and an energy
unquenchable, Llewellyn Johns
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A
CHAPTER OF PROGRESS 1880-1886 293
has ever been a marked character of the Alabama mineral
regions,—possibly its most unique feature.
MORE
BIG BUSINESS 1886 353
(Mention
of the David Thomas interests and the town of Thomas, Alabama named after that
family.)
The Pioneer Mining and Manufacturing Company was
organized by members of the famous Thomas family of Pennsylvania iron‑masters,—David, Samuel, and Edwin Thomas,— together
with Robert H. Sayre and their associates. The first seeds were sown directly
after the Civil War, when, as has previously been chronicled, the initial
properties of the company were acquired and Baylis
Grace and Giles Edwards were employed as purchasing agents and prospectors. The
acquisition of additional mineral lands at the hands of various other parties
went on gradually for two decades before any material shoot of the Pioneer
Company in the shape of a furnace stack pushed its head above ground.
Samuel
Thomas, whose history is widely known, kept close tab on his properties in his
frequent visits to
Alabama, but did not consider that the general conditions of the South
warranted their development until the boom times of Birmingham in 1887. The old
Hawkins plantation on which the town of Thomas was founded was purchased
through Aldrich and DeBardeleben for four dollars an acre. Mr. Thomas' company
held lands in Bibb, Shelby, Tuskaloosa, and St. Clair
counties, besides in Jefferson, much of which was secured at one dollar per
acre. Their brown ore properties in Tuscaloosa included the historic Tannehill
mines and hundreds of acres in and around the old furnace ruins.
John H. Adams, vice‑president and general
manager of the Sayre Mining and Manufacturing Company, writes:
" The first furnace of the Pioneer Company was
built on the old Williamson Hawkins plantation, and the town of Thomas was laid
out with its brick houses, its churches, schools, and spring water supply, much
after the plan of the town of Hokendanqua,
Pennsylvania. All of Samuel Thomas' long‑ cherished desires were carried
out under the management of his son, Edwin Thomas, president, vice‑
president, and general manager. Mines, iron ore, and coal for
the supply of the company furnaces were opened by him. It is interesting
to note in this connection that one of the brown ore properties selected by Mr.
Thomas, a piece of property which was looked upon as being of little value, has
mined from a comparatively few acres and shipped to the furnace at Thomas over
two million tons of iron ore."
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354
THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
Associated with Mr. Thomas in the building of this
town and his iron manufacturing plant was F. B. Keiser, one of the former
engineers of the Thomas Iron Company at Hokendauqua, Pennsylvania. Mr. Keiser's
father, Bernhard Kieiser, an early German engineer in
this country, a foundryman, machinist, and inventor,
was, at this time (early in 1887), chief engineer for the Thomas Iron Company.
F. B. Keiser was born in 1858, at Allentown, Pennsylvania. He received his
early education in the public schools at Hokendanqua,
and later took a special course in Allentown.
He was instructed in mechanical and civil engineering
by his father and subsequently became his assistant. When he left Pennsylvania
for the South in February, 1887, he had in charge the mechanical and
construction departments for twelve blast furnaces, machine, car, and boiler
shops, foundries, rolling stock, and mines belonging to the Thomas Iron
Company. He had spent some time in the Connelleville
region, studying the manufacture of coke and the construction of coke ovens. He
made the plans for the general layout of the first two furnaces
which were built at Thomas, Alabama. The company's first furnace went in
blast May 18, 1888; the second, also designed and built by Mr. Keiser, was
completed in 1890. The third furnace, put up after the Republic Iron and Steel
Company acquired the Pioneer Company, was erected under Keiser's supervision.
The town of Thomas is located on a tract of one
thousand six hundred eight acres, four miles from Birmingham, near Pratt City.
Village Creek runs through the property, supplying the furnaces with water and
feeding an artificial lake for storage purposes and for protection against
drought. West Red Mountain crosses Thomas tract on its northern portion and
gives out at the little bridge on the old Jasper road.
" A curious fact is that this vein of ore is
just one hundred and fifty yards from the Black Creek Coal Seam," says Mr.
Adams. Certainly a closer contiguity than exists in any other portion of the
State. Within a few yards of this odd geological construction, on the Thomas
property, stand to‑day two of the original plantation cabins built long
before the Civil War by old Williamson Hawkins. They are still occupied by two
of old "Marse" Hawkins' former slaves, Aunt
Chloe and Uncle Nat. " Dese yere misable furnaces, an' de slag piles an' de pig iron done
ruined my watermillyun patch!" says Uncle Nat.
The
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MORE
BIG BUSINESS 1886 355
Thomas
tract is reached and cut by all of the trunk lines entering Birmingham, as well
as by the Birmingham Railway Light and Power Company's main line to Ensley,
which passes one and three‑ fourths miles through the property. There is
immediately south of and adjacent to the plant a deposit of dolomite
which supplies the furnaces.
In 1892 Mr. Thomas appointed as superintendent of his
mines John H. Adams, who was at that time acting as manager of mines for the
Morris Mining Company. Mr. Adams, who came from Birmingham, England, as a boy,
has made his own way up in this country. He was born in Birmingham, England, in
July, 1856. His father was manager of the Hallfield Iron Works of Bilston.
He attended the Dudley Grammar School of Birmingham and the Mechanical
Institute of Staffordshire.
There were then in Staffordshire great open‑throated
furnaces, without bells, and the coke was burned in wide coke hearths. By these
great lights John Adams used to do his lessons at night. When he was fourteen
years old he set to work in the drawingroom and the
mills of Caponfield at Priestfield.
He had not been there many months when the chance came to go to America. It
seems that John Fritz's rolling mill in Chattanooga had been blown up in the
war and the remains were bought by General John T. Wilder,
United States Army, and his associates. General Wilder went to England
for skilled iron workers, and young Adams was one of
the crew employed, and came over that very year (1870). During the ensuing ten
years he worked at various plants in Cincinnati and in the Pittsburgh and
Bethlehem districts of Pennsylvania. The year of his marriage, 188O, was also
the year of his coming to Birmingham. His wife was a Welsh girl, the daughter
of George Williams, an iron man, once connected with
the old Neath Abbey Iron Works in Wales, where David Thomas had gotten his
first job.
After working two years in the Birmingham rolling
mills under Thomas Coleman Ward, John Adams entered the Sloss Furnace Company,
and eventually became mine manager of the red ore mines of Ruffner,
Trondale, and Sloss. At the time of the organization
of that company's furnaces at North Birmingham, he left to take the position of
manager of the Tredegar rolling mills at Chattanooga, and became at length
general superintendent of the Bessemer rolling mills, and in 1890 became mine
manager of the Morris Mining Company, where he had
________________________
356 THE
STORY OF COAL AND IRON IN ALABAMA
charge of the operations at Redding, Alice, and Wade. Two
years later he entered, at Samuel Thomas' instance, the service of the Pioneer
Company, with which organization he remained until his resignation in 1906. In
addition to his office as superintendent of mines, Mr. Adams also acted as
general land agent for the Pioneer Company. He prospected, selected, and
purchased large additional areas of coal, ore, and limestone properties, making
monthly reports to Mr. Thomas. The brown ore mines at Goethite, near Tannehill,
and at Houston, and the coal mines at Sayreton and
Republic were opened and developed under John Adams' jurisdiction. The Raimund mine was named by him for Samuel Thomas' grandson.
In October of 1899 all of the
properties of the Pioneer Company were purchased by the Republic Iron and Steel
Company. This immense corporation, whose main headquarters are at Pittsburg,
owned mineral interests in lands, furnaces, rolling mill, and steel plants, ore
and coal mines in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Minnesota, and at
that time had a capital of forty‑seven million dollars. Its entrance into
the Southern field afforded another sensation in the business world. In
addition to acquiring all the stock of the Pioneer Company, the Republic also
bought up the old Birmingham rolling mill, the first on record in Birmingham,
and the Alabama rolling mills at Gate City. The latter
concern, which had been established in the great boom year, about the same time
the Pioneer Company began construction work, was captained by W. H. Hassinger.